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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty first-season Holstein crossbred calves were used in a study conducted to investigate the efficacy of two strategic treatments with doramectin (s.c. 200 micrograms kg-1 bodyweight). They were allocated in two equal groups: Group D was treated with doramectin at turn-out and 8 weeks later and Group C served as control group. Tracers were used at turn-out, in August and before housing. At monthly intervals all principal animals were weighed, and their faeces were sampled for faecal egg counts and cultured for larval identification. Serum samples were collected for determination of pepsinogen. Animals were slaughtered for worm counts 3 weeks after housing. Clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) in Group C necessitated a salvage treatment with pyrantel citrate. No signs of PGE were seen in Group D. The faecal egg output remained very low (less than 50 eggs g-1) in Group D, whereas in Group C a mean geometric maximum of 352 eggs g-1 was observed. Pepsinogen levels were below 2000 mU tyrosine in Group D, compared with maximum levels of 4190 mU tyrosine in Group C. The worm counts of the tracers at housing showed an overall reduction of 94% in the total number of gastrointestinal nematodes present on the D pasture, compared with the C pasture. Worm counts of the principal animals showed an 87.8% reduction in the total worm burden. The present results show clearly that doramectin given at turn-out and at Week 8 controls PGE in calves during the first grazing season.
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PMID:Control of gastrointestinal nematodes in first-season grazing calves by two strategic treatments with doramectin. 767 98

The ability of fenbendazole slow release bolus (Panacur SR Bolus, Hoechst) to control gastrointestinal parasitism in calves during their first grazing season at pasture was evaluated in two field trials. The infection level on both investigated farms was low and the control animals did not develop parasitic gastroenteritis. However, it was possible to demonstrate significant differences in the parasitological and biochemical parameters between the control and treated groups during the grazing season. Faecal egg counts and blood pepsinogen levels in the control cattle at both trials sites were significantly higher than those of the bolus-treated cattle.
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PMID:Field evaluation of the efficacy of the fenbendazole slow-release bolus in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of first-season grazing cattle. 787 1

The effect of the time of administration of the Paratect Flex -Bolus (PF-Bolus) on the course of infections with gastrointestinal nematodes was investigated in a field experiment with three groups of 9 first year grazing heifers in the Swiss midland region. The heifers of groups A and B received the PF-Bolus at turnout on May 7 (early season application) and on July 16 (late season application), respectively. The heifers of group C remained untreated. All heifers were grazed together throughout the experiment. The mean egg excretion of the heifers of group A remained very low for a period of 70 days and peaked at the end of September reaching a mean value of 167 eggs per gram of faeces (epg). After the administration of the PF-Bolus to the heifers of group B, the egg excretion was reduced by 97% and remained below 50 epg for the rest of the season. While the mean serum pepsinogen values of the heifers of groups A and B only reflected subclinical infections, the mean values of the heifers of group C exceeded 4400 mU tyrosine and 4 heifers exhibited signs of parasitic gastroenteritis. At the end of the experiment (Oct 8) heifers of group A were 14 kg heavier than the controls (not significant) whereas the heifers of group B outperformed the control heifers by 20 kg (significant, p > 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[The early or late administration of Paratect Flex bolus in heifers]. 803 83

In the alpine region, mixed grazing systems with cattle of different age, origin and prophylaxis against trichostrongylid infections are most common. Under these conditions the administration of anthelmintic devices to susceptible calves is frequently postponed to June or July to achieve a better protection during the period of increased pasture infectivity in summer and autumn. In a field experiment with 27 first-year grazing calves a morantel sustained-release trilaminate bolus (MSRT, Pfizer) was given to two groups (Groups A and B) of nine naturally infected calves each, on 22 July. Calves of Group B were moved to a clean pasture (B) 1 day later, whereas the calves of Group A remained on the previous pasture (A) together with nine untreated calves (Group C). The contamination with infective larvae (L3) on Pasture A remained below 1000 L3 kg-1 dry matter, which was sufficient to produce clinical parasitic gastroenteritis in five of nine control calves. The MSRT bolus reduced the mean egg output by more than 90% within 14 days after administration and prevented clinical parasitic gastroenteritis in the calves of Groups A and B. Owing to the persisting infection risk on Pasture A, the mean serum pepsinogen levels reached about 3000 mU tyrosine in the calves of Group A in September compared with approximately 2000 mU in Group B grazing the clean pasture. However, the differences in pasture contamination were not reflected in the mean bodyweight of the calves, which were 20 kg heavier at the end of the trial in both MSRT-treated groups compared with the control calves (P < 0.01). As there is a high probability that a moderate larval contamination is present on prealpine and alpine community pastures in summer, the metaphylactic use of an MSRT bolus in mid-July is likely to limit trichostrongylid infections within a subclinical range and thus provides sufficient protection of susceptible calves against parasitic gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Prophylaxis of bovine trichostrongylidosis in the alpine region: effect of pasture contamination on infections in calves receiving a morantel sustained-release trilaminate bolus in mid-July. 809 23

Doramectin was used in a strategic programme for the prevention of parasitic gastroenteritis in first season grazing calves. Three groups of nine calves were used: group 1 was left untreated, group 2 was treated with doramectin at 0.2 mg/kg at turnout and again eight weeks later, and group 3 was treated with 0.2 mg/kg ivermectin at three, eight and 13 weeks after turnout. Both treatment programmes prevented the gastroenteritis which occurred in the controls. The growth rates of the treated calves were superior, and their faecal egg output, and serum pepsinogen and gastrin concentrations were all substantially lower than those of the control calves. The numbers of Ostertagia species larvae on the pastures grazed by the treated calves were also lower than on the pastures grazed by the control calves.
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PMID:Evaluation of doramectin in a programme for season-long control of parasitic gastroenteritis in calves. 853 21

Attempts to control a summer diarrhoea in grazing Finnish landrace lambs which had been unresponsive to anthelmintics and coccidiostats were made by supplementing them with cupric oxide particles and withdrawing a magnesium-rich mineral, while maintaining parasite control measures. The diarrhoea persisted from July to September and plasma pepsinogen activities were raised, suggesting that the anthelmintic did not prevent abomasal damage; the jejunum of an affected lamb showed lesions of parasitic gastroenteritis. Small responses to cupric oxide particles and larger responses to the withdrawal of magnesium were deceptive, possibly being confounded by differences in parasite challenge. In another experiment Finnish landrace lambs were more susceptible to diarrhoea than Suffolk cross lambs in autumn. The susceptibility was then linked to a strong inhibition of worm egg output and may have been caused by a hypersensitive mucosal response to the larval challenge. Plasma pepsinogen concentrations were again raised in the Finnish landrace lambs and did not decline after treatment with anthelmintic, whereas the concentrations increased later in the Suffolk cross lambs, and were apparently responsive to anthelmintic. The cases of diarrhoea were similar to 'July disease' and may have been caused by continuous nematode infections which were only briefly controlled by drenches. Anthelmintic-unresponsive diarrhoea is the term proposed for the disorder, which may be controllable by devices releasing anthelmintic continuously or by a move to less infected pasture. Faecal egg counts remained low in the condition and were diagnostically misleading.
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PMID:A putative role for larval nematode infection in diarrhoeas of lambs which did not respond to anthelmintic drenches. 864 44

A 2 year study was conducted to evaluate the effects of first-season strategic or tactical treatments with ivermectin on trichostrongylosis in heifer calves in the first and second-season grazing. Three groups of each eight Holstein-Friesian calves were turned out in early May onto a permanent pasture naturally contaminated with trichostrongyle larvae. Two of these groups were given ivermectin either as strategic treatments (Weeks 3, 8 and 13 after turnout) or as tactical treatments (Weeks 14, 18 and 22 after turnout); the third group served as untreated controls. The strategic ivermectin treatments prevented build-up of high herbage infectivity from mid-summer onwards as shown by low trichostrongyle egg outputs, serum pepsinogen levels and serum antibody responses. In spite of exposure to continuous high larval challenge in late season, the pathogenic effects of worm loads in calves receiving the tactical ivermectin treatment were significantly suppressed. The performance of the strategically treated calves tended to be higher than that of the tactically treated calves in the first-season grazing; yet, there was no statistical difference. During the following summer, all three groups were grazed in a single herd together with a new group of eight first-season calves. No anthelmintic treatments were given to any animals during the season. From late August until the end of the season all animals were given weekly experimental challenge infections. Following the challenge infections, the first-season calves developed clinical parasitic gastroenteritis, whereas the second-season heifers showed no symptoms. At post-mortem it was found that worm burdens mainly consisted of early fourth-stage larvae (L4) of Ostertagia ostertagi (> 97%). Fewer adult worms were recovered from the untreated animals than from the treated ones. However, serum anti-parasite IgG1 responses and post-mortem worm counts suggested that the untreated heifers harboured markedly fewer adult O. ostertagi than the previously treated ones, indicating a higher level of immunity against adult worms. However, this difference did not have any clinical impact in this experiment.
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PMID:The effects of first-season strategic and tactical ivermectin treatments on trichostrongylosis in the first- and second-season grazing. 888 55

Interactions between treatment with an ivermectin bolus at turnout and immunity to bovine parasitic gastroenteritis and bronchitis were examined. Immunity related parameters, i.e. development of clinical disease, parasite development and stimulation of parasite specific antibodies were examined for two grazing seasons and compared with untreated second season cattle (immune control) and untreated parasite naive cattle (nonimmune control). With respect to gastrointestinal nematodes, clinical condition, body weight development, faecal egg counts and pepsinogen concentrations of the bolus treated animals were not significantly different from the respective values of untreated immune cattle, showing a considerable degree of resistance in both groups compared to the parasite naive cattle. With respect to lungworms, untreated immune cattle were protected against clinical disease, but two of eight animals shed larvae again. Bolus treated animals transiently showed mild clinical symptoms and six of seven animals shed low numbers of larvae again, whereas all parasite naive cattle shed high numbers of lungworm larvae and showed signs of disease during the whole grazing season. In spite of the effective treatment with an ivermectin bolus during the first year a considerable resistance to gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm infection was present in the second grazing season.
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PMID:The development of protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm infections after use of an ivermectin bolus in first-year grazing calves. 888 56

The effect of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus (OPRB) administered at turnout, in May, or in mid-July on the development of infections with gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms in first year grazing calves was investigated with three groups of nine animals, all grazing the same pastures in the Swiss midland region. In the calves of Group A (OPRB on 21 May) less than 20 eggs per gram of faeces (e.p.g.) and less than three Dictyocaulus larvae per 10 g (1.p.10 g) of faeces were shed for a period of 126 and 140 days respectively. Towards the end of the grazing period calves of this group excreted significantly higher levels of lungworm larvae (P < 0.05) compared with the other groups. Prior to OPRB administration on 14 July, the calves of Group B developed subclinical infections with trichostrongyles and lungworms which were similar to the untreated control Group C. By 4 weeks after bolus-administration the excretion of trichostrongylid eggs and lungworm larvae declined to levels below 20 e.p.g. and six l.p.10 g respectively. Serum pepsinogen values of the calves of Groups A and B were significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with the control animals on days 84 and 98 after turnout and reflected mainly subclinical infections. With the exception of one Group A calf developing clinical parasitic gastroenteritis (p.g.e.) at the end of the season, clinical disease was not observed in the treated calves, while seven out of nine control animals grazing on the same pastures exhibited clinical p.g.e. with mean serum pepsinogen values exceeding 4400 mU tyrosine. Calves of Groups A and B gained significantly more weight (P < 0.01) compared with Group C (+36 kg and +41 kg respectively); differences between Groups A and B were not significant. The results indicate that in mixed grazing systems of treated and untreated calves, which are often found in the alpine region, administration of the OPRB in May or July provided good results with respect to performance of the calves. However, late administration of the OPRB has the additional advantage of coverage of the period of higher infection risk with trichostrongyles and lungworms in the late season until stabling, and should therefore be recommended.
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PMID:Prophylaxis of bovine trichostrongylidosis and dictyocaulosis in the alpine region: comparison of an early and late administration of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus to first year grazing calves. 901 81

The efficacy of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in controlling nematode infections of first-season cattle was evaluated in a field study in northern Germany. Two groups, each of 11 male calves, were set-stocked on separate pastures from May until October 1989 (157 days). The animals of one group were given the bolus at turnout and the animals of the control group were treated with fenbendazole (7.5 mg/kg bodyweight) eight weeks after turnout. Clinical inspections and measurements of faecal egg and larval counts, herbage trichostrongyle larval counts, plasma pepsinogen concentrations and bodyweight were made throughout the study. All the animals were slaughtered for worm counts and the evaluation of carcase quality two weeks after housing. The pasture grazed by the control group showed a marked increase in trichostrongyle larvae from late August onwards and, as a result, the control calves had increasing faecal egg counts and increased plasma pepsinogen concentrations in the latter part of the grazing season, although no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were apparent. The fenbendazole slow release bolus suppressed the trichostrongyle infections during the grazing season, and larval counts on the pasture grazed by the bolus-treated group remained low throughout the study. Postmortem examination showed that the bolus-treated calves harboured significantly (P < 0.01) fewer trichostrongyle worms, including inhibited stages, than the controls. Because of an inadequate lungworm challenge during the grazing season it was not possible to evaluate the efficacy of the fenbendazole slow release bolus in preventing parasitic bronchitis. At slaughter, the bolus-treated animals weighed more than the controls and tended to have a better carcase quality.
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PMID:Field evaluation of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in the control of nematode infections in first-season cattle. 914 Dec 22


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