Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of levamisole and ivermectin in multiple-dose regimes for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis in first-season grazing calves was evaluated on a dairy cattle farm in Belgium. Thirty-nine female Holstein crossbred calves were randomly divided into three groups. Paddock 1 was used for the controls, paddock 2 for the levamisole group (dosed at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after the start of grazing) and paddock 3 for the ivermectin group (dosed at 3 and 8 weeks after turn-out). The treatments were evaluated on the basis of live weight, faecal egg output, and serum pepsinogen levels. The impact of the therapeutic dosing at timed intervals during the first months of the grazing season was remarkable; egg output in the levamisole and ivermectin groups between June and early October was substantially lower. The treatments seem to adequately control Ostertagia, because serum pepsinogen values were much lower from August onwards. Better weight gains were observed in both the treatment groups. The experiment also illustrated the advantage of early housing of calves.
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PMID:Efficacy of early season anthelmintic treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes. 321 63

Diagnostic methods which reveal only the presence or absence of Ostertagia in grazing animals are of little importance since all will acquire some degree of infection when grazed in the temperate regions of the world. Ostertagia infections may be (1) light--no disease or performance losses occur; (2) moderate--disease may or may not be overtly visible but performance losses occur or (3) heavy--disease is overt with or without death loss. The differentiation of these levels of infection is a quantitative matter insofar as the number of parasites correlates with the degree of pathology and is much less certain than is the presence or absence of infection. Historically, the quantitative parasite egg count in feces (eggs per gram (e.p.g.)), combined with the usual subjective and objective information obtained in clinical examinations has been the procedure used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the level of infection. More recently, the use of plasma pepsinogen levels as an indication of gastric pathology has been adopted by some laboratories. Neither of these methods have met with the desired level of accuracy, but they do have considerable value when their limitations are recognized. In the present era of emphasis on epidemiologically based control programs we are faced with yet another aspect of diagnosis, namely that of a quantitative estimate of numbers of infective stages (L3) on herbage. Methods to assess the number of L3 on forage are not satisfactory for routine clinical use. This paper evaluates the primary objectives of diagnosis as applied to the herd and flock. It briefly evaluates current methodology insofar as the diagnosis of parasitic gastroenteritis is concerned. The use of e.p.g. counts in clinical practice is discussed. Examples applicable to herds of weaner and stocker cattle are presented.
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PMID:Importance of diagnostic aspects in ostertagism. 328 61

Three trials were conducted in southern England involving 120 autumn-born calves to evaluate the ability of an oxfendazole pulse-release intraruminal device (OPRB) to control parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE). Matched groups were set-stocked on adjacent paddocks. One group received an OPRB at turn-out; one was treated with an alternative chemoprophylactic programme; while the third acted as an untreated control. In each trial clinical PGE occurred in the latter group but not in OPRB or alternative strategy groups. The OPRB, the morantel sustained release bolus (MSRB) and fenbendazole administered at 3 and 6 weeks after turn-out gave similar weight-gain benefits when compared with untreated controls (P less than 0.01), but the growth rate of animals given regular levamisole treatments from July to housing was significantly poorer than the matching OPRB group (P less than 0.05) although better than controls. Faecal egg-output of OPRB calves was reduced by 97.0-99.9% compared with 95.5 and 58.9% for MSRB and fenbendazole treatments. Consequently, the late summer/autumn peaks in pasture larval counts were considerably reduced in all treatment groups other than the late-season levamisole strategy which reduced overall egg-output by only 37.6%. Serum pepsinogen and gastrin values confirmed a greater degree of abomasal disturbance in calves grazing on the more highly contaminated pastures. Incidental lungworm infections became clinically apparent in the control groups of two trials but not in any OPRB or alternative treatment group.
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PMID:Field evaluation of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus for the chemoprophylaxis of bovine parasitic gastroenteritis: a comparison with three other control strategies. 358 20

In an experiment carried out in 1981 and 1982, the effect of the use of a morantel sustained release bolus (Paratect bolus) on the weight gain and a number of parasitological parameters of cattle was studied. In the first year 42 calves were divided into 3 equal groups, one group was kept outside and treated with a bolus (B), the second group was kept outside and was not treated (C), while the third group remained indoors (I). Groups B and C were grazed separately on contaminated pasture. During the first months Group B had a negligible egg output. The egg output in the controls was much higher and in mid-August they had to be treated for parasitic gastroenteritis. At the end of the grazing season the advantage in weight gain of Group B was 20 kg compared with the controls. During the housing period the growth in the 3 groups was not significantly different. At the start of the second grazing season half the animals of Groups B, C and I received a bolus (Groups BB, CB and IB). The other half remained untreated (BC, CC and IC). The animals treated with a bolus in 1982 gained significantly more weight (64 g/day) than untreated animals. Heifers turned out for the first time (IB and IC) showed much less weight gain than heifers in their second grazing season. The heifers which had previously grazed in 1981 had a very low egg output compared with Groups IB and IC, although the level of egg output of the latter was also not very high (max, almost 40 (eggs per gram (EPG)). In faecal cultures of heifers of Group BC, CB and CC, no Cooperia oncophora-larvae were seen from May onwards, indicating a strong immunity against this species. In Group BB very low numbers of C. oncophora-larvae were observed. In Groups IB and IC, C. oncophora was present during the whole season. At the end of the first season the level of herbage infestation on the control pastures was much higher. In 1982 only slight differences in level of infestation between the pastures were observed. At the start of the season in 1982 serum pepsinogen levels were much higher in the groups which grazed in 1981, compared with the indoor-fed groups. Groups BC and CC had significantly higher levels than Groups BB and CB and all 4 groups always had higher levels than Groups IB and IC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of the use of a morantel sustained release bolus in first and second year grazing cattle. 404 26

Two experiments were done to evaluate the effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate, anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. In experiment 1, good control of nematode contamination of pasture was indicated by lower worm burdens in tracer calves that grazed with 15 heifers treated orally with a single bolus and by significantly decreased numbers of nematode eggs in the feces of the 15 treated heifers, as compared with numbers of eggs in the feces of 15 nontreated control calves. Significant differences in weight gain were not seen between treated and nontreated heifers, probably due to low amounts of larval exposure, the small number of heifers evaluated, and parasitic resistance in the heifers, which may have developed as a result of prestudy exposure to contaminated pasture. In experiment 2, done 1 year after the 1st experiment, using the same pastures that were used in experiment 1, young heifers were used. Many of the heifers were parasite naive at the beginning of the experiment (ie, nematode eggs were not found before the experiment). Treatment with the bolus was effective in controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in the heifers and in controlling nematode contamination of pasture. Compared with nontreated heifers, treated heifers had significantly higher cumulative weight gains, a significant decrease in plasma pepsinogen concentrations, and a significant decrease in worm egg excretion. The number of worms acquired by tracer calves that were grazed with treated heifers was significantly less than for tracer calves that were grazed with nontreated heifers.
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PMID:Effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. 407 33

The efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus was evaluated in 20 first-season grazing calves and 92 cattle in two separate trials. All animals grazed contaminated pastures and were exposed at the time of spring turnout to a risk of infection from gastrointestinal nematodes. In the first study 45 bolus-treated and 47 nontreated control (second or third season) cattle grazed similar but separate communal pastures, while in the second study nine bolus-treated and 11 nontreated control cattle grazed together on a single pasture. Efficacy determinations were conducted by frequent observations throughout the grazing season on faecal worm egg output, serum pepsinogen levels and liveweight gain. In the older group of animals (Trial 1), small differences were recorded between treated and control animals in faecal worm egg output and levels of serum pepsinogen as monitored throughout the grazing season. A significant mean liveweight advantage of 20.27 kg (P less than 0.001) was observed in the bolus-treated group. However, unrecorded pregnancy could not be excluded with certainty as a factor responsible for weight differences. The use of the morantel sustained release bolus provided an adequate protection against parasitic gastroenteritis in the first season grazing calves (Trial 2) despite the fact that bolus-treated animals were co-mingled with control animals. Both the worm egg counts and serum pepsinogen values were lower in the bolus-treated group. The morantel sustained release bolus was well tolerated in both trials.
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PMID:The morantel sustained release bolus in the control of gastro-intestinal nematodiasis of cattle in Switzerland (preliminary results). 622 39

The direct and indirect anthelmintic efficacies of the morantel sustained-release bolus given to calves were assessed in a 154-day controlled field trial. A permanent calf pasture (divided into 2 lots) and naturally parasitized calves were used. The medicated calves were given the bolus at the time they were placed on the pastures. Control calves did not receive anthelmintic therapy. The effectiveness of the bolus to control parasitic gastroenteritis was determined by monitoring various parasitologic determinants. The treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced numbers of fecal nematode eggs for every posttreatment sampling period when compared with the control calves. Tracer calves, used periodically during the study to indicate pasture larval infectivities, had equivalent worm burdens at the beginning of the trial (treated vs control pasture). Tracer calves, added later in the study to the lot with treated calves, harbored 83% to 94% fewer nematodes than did their counterparts in the lot with the controls. Plasma pepsinogen concentrations, reflective of abomasal worm burden size and/or activity, were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the control than in the treated calves from day 54 until trial termination. At trial termination, the treated calves weighed an average of 27.8 kg more and harbored 80.9% fewer nematodes than the control calves. The morantel sustained-release bolus is an anthelmintic delivery device that has therapeutic and prophylactic antinematode activities. To achieve its optimum performance, the bolus must be used so that the epizootiologic patterns of the predominate parasitic nematodes are effectively disrupted. Generally, internal nematode parasitisms in the calf flourish during the animal's first springtime grazing period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Controlled field trial on the anthelmintic effectiveness of the morantel sustained-release bolus in grazing calves. 639 40

The efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus system for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis in calves was evaluated in the Netherlands. The effect of bolus administration to calves, either on May 1 at the beginning of the summer grazing season or on June 12 after the pasture was mown for silage, was determined in respect of liveweight gain, faecal worm egg output, serum pepsinogen values and worm burdens. In addition, pairs of tracer calves were turned out with each group every four weeks and sacrificed for worm counts in order to monitor pasture larval contamination throughout the grazing period. Compared with nontreated control calves, the worm egg outputs of the bolus-treated calves turned out (Nematodirus helvetianus), while the bolus-treated calves turned out on June 12 had a corresponding reduction of 95 and 100 percent. Over the grazing season the average weight gain of bolus-treated calves turned out on May 1 was 34 kg more than nontreated controls turned out at the same time. Difference in weight gain of the treated and control calves turned out late in the season was 10.5 kg in favour of the treated group. The postmortem worm counts were highest in the control calves turned out early and lowest in the bolus-treated calves turned out late. All tracer calves placed on the paddock grazed by control calves (turned out early) died from parasitic gastroenteritis from July onwards while those from the paddock grazed by the control calves (turned out late) died from parasitic gastroenteritis from September onwards. All the tracer calves placed on the paddocks grazed by bolus-treated calves survived until the intended slaughter date.
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PMID:The effects of the use of the morantel sustained release bolus system on calves grazing a highly contaminated pasture in The Netherlands. 668 56

The efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus in controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in 153 first-season grazing cattle was assessed in three separate field trials conducted in Normandy, France. In each trial, comparisons were made on weight gain performance and parasitology data (faecal worm egg counts, herbage larval counts and- in two of the trials- worm counts from principal animals sacrificed at the end of the grazing season) when bolus treatment was given either at spring turnout or in mid-season in order to determine the optimum time for bolus administration. Cattle were allocated into three groups, each group maintained on a separate but equivalent paddock constructed from the division of a larger pasture. A morantel sustained release bolus was administered to one group of animals at the time of turnout and to a second group of animals in midsummer. The third group of animals in each trial remained nontreated. The effect of the treatment on the contamination of pasture, and parasite levels and weight gain of the principal trial animals was assessed. Similar results were observed in all three trials. Faecal worm egg counts were reduced during the first part of the grazing season in animals receiving the bolus at turnout compared with mid-season treated animals where egg counts followed a pattern similar to the controls until bolus treatment at which time counts abruptly dropped to a low level. Likewise, levels of infective larvae on pastures grazed by control and mid-season treated animals followed similar patterns, increasing to a high level in late summer, while larval levels on pastures grazed by early-season treated animals remained at low levels throughout most of the season. Serum pepsinogen levels, worm counts and weight gain reflected the results from faecal worm egg and herbage larval counts indicating that early-season treatment with the bolus provided the most efficient treatment time for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis throughout the grazing season. The overall mean weight gain advantage of the early-season bolus-treated animals over the controls was 37.2 kg (P less than 0.01) while the advantage of the mid-season treated animals over controls was 13.7 kg.
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PMID:The control of parasitic gastroenteritis of grazing cattle in Normandy, France using the morantel sustained release bolus. 668 57

Some pathophysiological effects of parasitic gastroenteritis in two groups of lambs grazing paddocks either heavily or lightly contaminated with trichostrongyle larvae were investigated between July and October 1980. The leak of plasma protein was measured on three occasions at pasture using 51chromic chloride. Total faecal output was measured indirectly using chromic oxide. Losses of 51chromic chloride-labelled plasma protein into the gastrointestinal tract were significantly higher in the lambs grazing the heavily contaminated pasture than in those grazing lightly infected ground in both July and August. The increased plasma losses were associated with high faecal egg counts, hypoalbuminaemia and elevated levels of plasma pepsinogen.
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PMID:Plasma protein loss associated with gastrointestinal parasitism in grazing sheep. 683 82


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