Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 4-year-old Saudi female child with extreme failure to thrive, striking dysmorphic features, developmental delay, congenital hypoparathyroidism, UTI, seizures, chronic otitis media, chronic non-specific gastroenteritis and repeated life-threatening infections was followed from birth. She was the product of first-cousin consanguineous marriage. She had striking facies with frontal prominence, deep-set eyes, depressed nasal bridge, beaked nose, long philtrum with thin upper lip, micrognathia, large floppy ears, bifid uvula, and growth retardation with SD score less than -2 for height, weight and head circumference. We believe these features which include congenital hypoparathyroidism, severe growth failure and developmental delay in the absence of chromosomal abnormality represent a newly described genetically determined syndrome.
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PMID:Congenital hypoparathyroidism, seizure, extreme growth failure with developmental delay and dysmorphic features--another case of this new syndrome. 139 80

In a retrospective study of UTI among 54 pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital, a striking finding was that UTI seldom existed as a single condition. In 86 per cent of cases, UTI was part of other common diseases: gastroenteritis (in 35 per cent of UTI patients), protein energy malnutrition (in 43 per cent) and acute respiratory infection (24 per cent). Presenting symptoms were similar in children with or without UTI. Other features included infrequency of urinary tract signs (13 per cent), resistance of infecting organisms to first line antibiotics and urinary tract structural abnormalities in only two patients of 36 investigated by ultrasonograms; both the latter patients had easily diagnosable underlying diseases (TB spine, posterior urethral valves). These findings require confirmation by prospective studies as they may have implications for management of UTI in hospitals in developing countries.
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PMID:Probable association between urinary tract infections (UTI) and common diseases of infancy and childhood: a hospital-based study of UTI in Durban, South Africa. 898 6

In humans, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in host defence is controversial. We prospectively studied plasma levels of nitrate, the stable end-product of NO formation, during acute infection in 43 patients controlled with regard to dietary nitrate/nitrite. During acute gastroenteritis the mean plasma nitrate level was significantly increased compared with at recovery 4-5 weeks later (118 vs. 32.5 micromol/l; p < 0.001), in contrast with the findings in patients with acute pneumonia (PN; 34.6 vs. 42.8 micromol/l) or febrile urinary tract infection (UTI; 27.7 vs. 31.3 micromol/l). In a second group of 20 retrospectively studied patients with severe PN or UTI, of whom 70% were bacteraemic, no significantly increased nitrate levels could be demonstrated during the acute stage of infection. These findings indicate that increased NO production, as measured by plasma nitrate, is not a general finding in patients with acute infectious diseases, but may rather be associated with certain pathogens or sites of infection.
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PMID:Plasma nitrate as an index of nitric oxide formation in patients with acute infectious diseases. 1052 82

Long term care facilities (LTCFs) include a variety of different types of healthcare settings, each with their own unique infectious disease problems. This report focuses on the epidemiological considerations, risk factors and types of infections that occur in elderly patients institutionalized in nursing home settings. In the US, the number of patients in nursing homes continues to grow as the population ages. Today, patients in nursing homes have more complicated medical conditions than they did five years ago as they become even more elderly and the trend continues towards shorter and shorter hospital stays in acute care facilities. The patient population in nursing homes is uniquely susceptible to infections because of the physiological changes that occur with ageing, the underlying chronic diseases of the patients and the institutional environment within which residents socialize and live. In addition, in nursing home settings, problems with infections may be more difficult to diagnose because of their subtle presentations, the presence of co-morbid illnesses which obscure the symptoms of infection and the lack of on site diagnostic facilities. Delays in diagnosing and treating infections allow transmission to occur within the facility. Both endemic and epidemic infections occur relatively commonly in nursing homes. The incidence of endemic infections, such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, lower respiratory infections and skin infections, is influenced by the debility level of the patients. Calculations of infection rates are influenced by the intensity of surveillance methods at each institution. Many endemic infections are unpreventable. Epidemic infections account for 10-20% of nursing home infections. These include clusters of upper or lower respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, and catheter-associated UTI's. Epidemic infections are potentially preventable with sound infection control practices. Special attention must be paid to promote universal precautions and give certain patients, such as those with known infection or colonization with Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE, special consideration. The potential for epidemic infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms is real. In the nursing home setting, attention must be given to develop and support strong infection control programmes that can monitor the occurrence of institutionally-acquired infections and initiate control strategies to prevent the spread of epidemic infections. Education in infection control issues and attention to employee health is essential to enable staff to care appropriately for today's nursing home population and to prepare them for the even more complicated patients who will be cared for in this type of setting in future.
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PMID:Residential care and the elderly: the burden of infection. 1065 54

Observing pediatric patients in an OU (whether a pediatric or combined or hybrid unit) has many advantages: better patient care, a decrease in missed diagnoses and acuity, better risk management, decreased malpractice liability, cost effectiveness, increased patient and family satisfaction, and psychosocial benefits. Key principles of observation medicine (purpose, time frame, general patient inclusion and exclusion criteria, administration, CQI, and so forth) are equivalent for pediatric and adult observation patients, but there are important differences. Unique characteristics of pediatric observation patients include specific diagnosis, decreased length of stay, less need for cardiac monitoring, a highly variable admission rate, and a decreased percentage or admission rate to the OU from the ED. Whereas the adult OU is primarily a cardiac-monitoring unit, the pediatric OU is a respiratory and infectious disease unit with a frequent need for an i.v. therapy and hydration. Types of pediatric patients commonly treated in an OU include respiratory illnesses (asthma, croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia), gastrointestinal disorders (gastroenteritis, abdominal pain), dehydration, infections (fever, cellulitis, lymphangitis, pyelonephritis or UTI), overdoses or poisonings, and seizures.
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PMID:Pediatric observation medicine. 1121 2

Urinary tract infections remain the most common bacterial infection in childhood. Escherichia coli is responsible for over 80% of Pediatric UTIs. Other common gram negative organisms include Kleibsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter and occasionally Pseudomonas. Signs and symptoms vary greatly by age of the patient becoming more specific as the child grows older. Even in the absence of specific signs a UTI should be included in the differential diagnosis of high grade fever. In younger children, presence of upper respiratory infections, otitis media or gastroenteritis does not eliminate the possibility of a UTI. Culture of the urine remains the gold standard for diagnosing UTIs. All males and females with well documented UTIs should be imaged for the presence of urological anomalies associated with UTI. Depending on patient's clinical symptoms and tolerance, therapy can be oral or parenteral as they have both been found equally efficacious. Healthcare professionals should ensure that when a child or young person has been identified as having a suspected UTI, they and their parents are given information about the need for treatment, the importance of completing any course of treatment and advice about prevention and possible long-term management.
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PMID:Highlights for management of a child with a urinary tract infection. 2288 60