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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immediate oral therapy at home by the mother using a sugar-salt solution offers a real prospect of reducing mortality from gastroenteritis among preschool children in the developing world. The sugar-salt solution enables the mother to take action against a disease which is the most frequent cause of death among young children. In Lagos, Nigeria, knowledge of the treatment has diffused rapidly in a low-income community served by a clinic run by the Institute of Child Health. In a recent study, women expecting their 1st child and others who had never used the service were able to describe the sugar-salt solution treatment taught to all who attend the clinic. However, of the 217 women who described the method, less than 1/2 (34%) could give the correct proportions of sugar and salt to be used (4 teaspoons and 1/4 teaspoon respectively in a standard local beer bottle filled with water). Most errors involved the use of too much salt. In nearly 1/2 these cases, 4 times too much salt was described, and in 3 cases, 16 times too much salt. Under these circumstances, we can expect a possible increase in children admitted with hypernatremia, a situation which would bring the method into disrepute. Any attempt to transfer health skills to mothers in developing countries must recognize, as in this example, the problems posed by lack of education and unfamiliarity with measurement terms such as "1/4" or even "a teaspoon." What is required is a simple measuring spoon giving the actual quantity to be used. Manufactured on a large scale in plastic, this would be inexpensive. Ideally, every mother of a preschool child should have 1, but where this is not possible, all health workers should have such spoons so that they can measure into a mother's hand the correct amounts. In this way the mother can make correct use of a treatment which has such potential for saving lives.
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PMID:Oral therapy of infant diarrhoea. 7 26

Children repeatedly admitted to a Jamaican clinic with gastroenteritis associated with protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) were treated by oral glucose-electrolyte rehydration. Children were fed other food from the outset if they so requested. The solution was administer by cup and spoon, i.e., small amounts vs. bottle administration, frequently throughout the day and night. A simple solution, very inexpensive, is outlined and includes a 3-finger pinch of salt, a 3-finger pinch of sodium bicarbonate, and 2 teaspoons of potassium chloride dissolved in 100 cu. cm of water. In all, 16 children suffering from sporadic, unspecific diarrhea over a period of 9 months showed marked improvement of the condition within 1-2 days of cup and spoon rehydration.
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PMID:Cup and spoon rehydration of children with acute diarrhoea. 24 5

The recent epidemic of cholera on the Pacific Ocean atoll of Tarawa, Gilbert Islands renewed interest in the use of coconut water as a rehydration fluid. Fifty-one samples of coconut water from Tarawa were analysed for a variety of constituents to assess its potential usefulness in the oral and parenteral rehydration of patients with cholera and other severe forms of gastroenteritis. Compared to oral rehydration fluids known to be effective in cholera, coconut water was found to have adequate potassium and glucose content, however was relatively deficient in sodium, chloride and bicarbonate. The addition of table salt to the coconut water is suggested to compensate for the sodium and chloride deficiency. In areas of the world where coconuts are plentiful, the advantages of sterility, availability and acceptability make coconut water theoretically feasible for the oral rehydration of patients with severe gastroenteritis when conventional fluids are unavailable.
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PMID:Coconut water as a rehydration fluid. 29 Sep 21

In infants and children acute dehydration is mainly caused by gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhoea, and by feeding failures. Since in the German speaking literature very different therapeutic regimens for rehydration are discussed the principles of oral and parenteral treatment are described. The rational therapy is based on the knowledge of physiology and pathophysiology of water and electrolyte metabolism. Therefore a few basic aspects are described, i.e. compartments of body fluids, turnover rates, the balance, types of dehydration, concentration of electrolytes in body fluids and their relevance to dehydration. Special problems exist in the treatment of hypertonic dehydration. In order to avoid cerebral edema the rehydration should not be attempted quickly with very hypotonic salt solutions, but should be performed with a 1/2--1/3 isotonic Ringer-lactate solution and early begin of potassium substitution over a period of 48 h.
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PMID:[The treatment of acute dehydration (author's transl)]. 35 53

Salt dependent gram-negative bacilli responsible for gastroenteritis and tissue infections are often not recovered because proper media for isolation are not used. A salt-starch XLD agar with 1.5% NaC1 and 0.5% starch medium has been found to permit the isolation of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, non-Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative bacilli, and salt-dependent gram-negative bacilli, among which is Vibrio parahemolyticus. As far as the Enterobacteriaceae are concerned, the selectivity and sensitivity of the medium are the same as with standard media with the added advantage of isolating salt-dependent organisms, thereby saving time and money. It can be used for routine blood cultures, investigation of sea water, seafood and tissue infections related to marine activities.
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PMID:Salt-starch xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. A single medium for the isolation of sodium and non-sodium dependent enteric gram-negative bacilli. 60 29

This paper describes an infant with gastroenteritis, who developed hypertension and oedema after administration of inaccurately prepared oral glucose salt solution. The renin aldosterone system was suppressed in this child and it was suggested that this may be a factor in the development of hypernatraemia when abnormal water losses occur in infants fed on hyperosmolar feeds. Unless salt can be given accurately in small amounts it may be safer to advise feeds of glucose only in infants with mild diarrhoea.
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PMID:Hypertension, oedema, and suppressed renin aldosterone system due to unsupervised salt administration. 119 Aug 14

From May 1985 through July 1990, 28 episodes of Vibrio vulnificus infection in 27 patients were encountered in five major hospitals in Taiwan. The ages of patients ranged from 19 to 76 years; the ratio of male to female patients was 2:1. Eighteen episodes manifested as bacteremia and eight as wound infections alone. One patient each developed gastroenteritis and pneumonia after nearly drowning. Twenty-three patients exhibited skin manifestations. Twenty patients had underlying diseases. All patients were treated with antibiotics, and 14 also underwent some form of surgical treatment (incision and drainage, fasciotomy, debridement, or amputation). Thirteen of the 28 episodes were preceded by precipitating factors; most were due to ingestion of seafood or exposure of abraded skin to salt water. Ten of the 18 septicemic patients died--most within 48 hours of hospitalization. One patient without bacteremia who had a wound infection died. Results of in vitro susceptibility studies suggested that ampicillin or a third-generation cephalosporin would be effective. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was observed for greater than 90% of isolates. We recommend combined therapy with a third-generation cephalosporin or ampicillin and an aminoglycoside along with appropriate surgical therapy for the treatment of V. vulnificus infection.
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PMID:Vibrio vulnificus infection in Taiwan: report of 28 cases and review of clinical manifestations and treatment. 145 57

Halophilic vibrios are gram-negative curved bacilli that requires high concentrations of salt for survival. They are usually found in marine environments and have a worldwide distribution. Infections caused by these organisms are usually associated with ingestion of raw shell fish or exposure of wounds to sea water. The clinical presentation and severity of this infections is wide ranging. The most common presentation is self-limiting gastroenteritis, but soft tissue infections and septicemia do occur and their morbidity and mortality is high specially in patients with liver disease. Early detection and initiation of treatment with tetracycline is of vital importance in soft tissue infections and septicemia since the progression of the infection may be extremely fast.
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PMID:Halophilic Vibrio infections: a review. 181 73

Between July-September 1978, an outbreak of gastroenteritis among all age groups (total of 4469 reported cases) occurred in various villages in the Central District of Manipur State, India including Imphal. Upon notification of the epidemic, health workers distributed oral rehydration salt solution (ORS) generously so people could begin taking ORS as soon as any diarrhea appeared. Researchers from the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases investigated 92 active cases who were either in the hospital or the community. They collected the data from records of the Regional Medical College, the Directorate of Public Health in Imphal, Primary Health Centers in Thoubal and Kakching, and by visiting active cases at home. 45.7% of fecal samples and 47.6% of river water samples tested positive for Vibrio cholerae biotype ElTor. The case fatality rates fell significantly during the 3 months from 2% for 5 year old children to 0.7% to no deaths at all and 1.9% for 5 year old people to 0.6% to no deaths (p.05). The overall case fatality rate was just 0.8% (36 deaths), it was higher for 5 year old children than it was for 5 year old people (1% vs. 0.7%). Data on earlier cholera epidemics in Manipur were not available, but the researchers found the case fatality rates in cholera epidemics (ElTor) before ORS varied from 22-24%. In fact, they believed this cholera epidemic to be the 1st use of ORS under field conditions which happened to result in a case fatality rate of 1%.
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PMID:Effectiveness of oral rehydration salt solution (ORS) in reduction of death during cholera epidemic. 210 92

Seventy-six children with gastroenteritis were treated with oral rehydration salts dissolved in ayran (diluted yogurt), and eighty patients were treated with oral rehydration salts dissolved in water. The patients whose ages ranged between three and twelve months accepted both solutions equally. However, the acceptance of the ayran-based solution was significantly greater than WHO's salt solution in the patients whose ages ranged between one and four years. It is proposed that ayran be used to dissolve oral rehydration salts in the treatment of diarrhea since it is more palatable and easily acceptable by children.
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PMID:Diluted yogurt (ayran) versus water in dissolving oral rehydration salts. 260 33


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