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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficacy of the oxfendazole pulse release bolus system for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis and parasitic bronchitis in first-season grazing calves was evaluated in Belgium. Twenty-two calves were allocated to two groups. The calves in one group received a bolus at the time of turn out, while the other group remained untreated. The efficacy of the bolus was assessed by comparison of faecal worm egg counts, plasma pepsinogen concentrations, the antibody response to Ostertagia, Cooperia and Dictyocaulus species total plasma protein and albumin concentrations, and weight gains throughout the grazing season and the housing period. The oxfendazole pulse release bolus provided good control of parasitic gastroenteritis dominated by ostertagia. The effects of parasitic gastritis were greatly reduced as shown by the significantly lower values of serum pepsinogen and ostertagia antibody titres. The use of the bolus further reduced the adverse effects of parasitism as indicated by better liveweight gains and normal total plasma protein and albumin concentrations whereas in the untreated control group hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were observed. Most animals exhibited clinical signs of parasitic bronchitis at the end of the grazing season, and the bolus may not adequately control parasitic bronchitis in all cases at all times.
Vet Rec 1987 Sep 26
PMID:Use of an oxfendazole pulse release bolus in the control of parasitic gastroenteritis and parasitic bronchitis in first-season grazing calves. 296 61

Two transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus mutants (188-SG and 152-SG) were obtained from a low-passage virus strain (D-52) by 188 and 152 cycles of stomach juice treatment and multiplication in cell culture. Compared to the high-passage Purdue-115 and the original D-52 strains, these mutants were more stable at pH 2.0, more resistant to pepsin and trypsin, and characterized by a small plaque phenotype. In vivo, the two mutants were not found to be virulent for 4-day-old piglets and sows after oral inoculation. To test induction of lactogenic immunity, the 188-SG mutant was administered orally to pregnant sows (6 or 7 weeks before parturition) followed by one intramuscular booster (1 week before parturition). After challenge with virulent TGE virus, piglet mortality 7 days after exposure was reduced (to 22%) as compared to the death rate in piglets from control sows (91%).
J Gen Virol 1985 Sep
PMID:Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine: survivor selection of TGE virus mutants in stomach juice of adult pigs. 299 82

Recently developed monoclonal antibodies against the 42,000-dalton major inner capsid protein were used in an enzyme immunoassay to subgroup a total of 156 rotavirus specimens obtained from Japanese infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis during the period between December 1981 and April 1983. Only 2 specimens (1.3%) were identified as subgroup 1, whereas 154 specimens (98.7%) were identified as subgroup 2. The percentage of subgroup 2 rotaviruses obtained in this study was the highest among similar studies thus far performed in different areas of the world. One of the subgroup 1 isolates had fast-moving 10th and 11th gene segments (the "long" pattern) typical of the subgroup 2 human rotaviruses.
J Med Virol 1985 Sep
PMID:Relative frequency of human rotavirus subgroups 1 and 2 in Japanese children with acute gastroenteritis. 299 70

A total of 788 faecal samples from children in the Wellington region with symptoms of gastroenteritis were examined by immune electron microscopy. Virus was seen in 211 specimens; 87% of these were from infants less than three years of age. A viral diagnosis was made in 27% of cases consisting of rotaviruses (19%), adenoviruses (5%), and small round viruses (3%). Both rotaviruses and adenoviruses were most prevalent during the winter months, while the small round viruses peaked in summer and winter. The importance of fastidious adenoviruses is illustrated-of the 38 separate sightings only one was recovered in tissue culture. The value of the electron microscope as a rapid diagnostic tool in these cases is shown as it is often the only method of identification available.
N Z Med J 1985 Sep 25
PMID:Electron microscopic findings in faeces from children with gastroenteritis. 299 58

We measured the response of jejunal sodium (Na) absorption to neutral amino acid (L-alanine) and to dipeptides (L-alanyl-L-alanine, glycylsarcosine) in normal piglets and in piglets with acute viral diarrhea after experimental infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus. In the TGE jejunum villi were blunted, crypts were deepened, and the epithelium was composed of relatively undifferentiated cells with reduced disaccharidase, decreased sodium-potassium-stimulated ATPase, and elevated thymidine kinase activities. The response of Na absorption to a maximal concentration of L-alanine (20 mM) or D-glucose (30 mM) was significantly blunted in TGE jejunum in Ussing chambers. However, the addition of L-alanine together with D-glucose caused a significantly greater increment of Na absorption than either L-alanine or D-glucose alone in control and TGE tissue. The effect of Na absorption of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-alanine (10 mM), which was rapidly hydrolyzed by control and TGE mucosa, was similar to that of L-alanine (20 mM), while glycylsarcosine, a poorly hydrolyzed dipeptide, did not change net Na absorption in the jejunum. Our data support the concept of separate carrier systems for neutral amino acid and hexose in the crypt-type intestinal epithelium characterizing viral enteritis. We speculate that a sodium-cotransporting amino acid, if added to oral glucose-electrolyte solutions, could benefit oral rehydration therapy in acute viral diarrhea; neither of the dipeptides tested here can be expected to enhance absorption to any greater extent than its constituent amino acids.
Pediatr Res 1986 Sep
PMID:Alanine enhances jejunal sodium absorption in the presence of glucose: studies in piglet viral diarrhea. 301 59

The incidence of rotaviruses as a gastroenteritis causal agent in piglets was studied in 19 pig herds of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, during 1985. From 302 diarrhoea samples collected during January (summer), 65 were positive for rotavirus when analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Sixty-two of these samples belonged to the classical group A rotavirus, three to atypical rotaviruses (ELISA negative and probably group B) and one elicited a mixed electropherotype of group A and atypical rotavirus and was ELISA positive. Atypical viruses appear to be very fragile and were rapidly degraded upon storage of samples at -20 degrees C. Three herds where atypical rotaviruses were present in January were sampled again in August (winter). Nine atypical isolates out of a total 21 positive samples (assayed by electron microscopy and PAGE) were detected again in two of them.
Res Vet Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Incidence of group A and atypical rotaviruses in Brazilian pig herds. 302 62

A prospective study to assess whether milk IgA antibodies against Escherichia coli heat labile-toxin protect breast-fed children against labile toxin-induced gastroenteritis was carried out among infants of a marginal urban area in Guatemala. One hundred and thirty children were kept under surveillance for diarrhea by periodic home visits. Stool specimens were collected from each child routinely every 2-3 weeks and during diarrheal episodes, to study the excretion of labile toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Milk samples from the children's mothers were obtained concomitantly with the fecal specimens of the infants to be analyzed for anti-labile toxin antibodies. Twenty infections by heat-labile toxin-producing Escherichia coli as a sole agent were documented among breast-fed infants. Nine of these infections resulted in gastroenteritis, while the remaining 11 were asymptomatic. At the time of infection children who became sick were ingesting breast milk with significantly (p = 0.028) lower titers of antilabile toxin IgA than those who remained healthy. Only one of the 8 infected children receiving breast milk with high titers (greater than or equal to 256) of anti labile toxin IgA developed diarrhea, compared to 8 of the 12 subjects being fed milk with low titers (less than or equal to 64) (p = 0.025). This is the first report documenting protection by IgA antibodies in milk against labile toxin-induced gastroenteritis in infected breast-fed infants.
Acta Paediatr Scand 1988 Sep
PMID:Breast milk anti-Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin IgA antibodies protect against toxin-induced infantile diarrhea. 305 53

Salmonellae have demonstrated an extraordinary capacity to adapt to a wide range of ecologic niches and to the peculiarities of modern society, such as the mass production of food products. The vast majority of infections in the United States are caused by serotypes not specifically adapted to human or animal hosts, whereas the most frequent isolate in developing countries is S. typhi, which is highly adapted to human hosts. The number of isolates reported in the United States has been increasing steadily since 1975, largely a result of outbreaks associated with the mass production of food products, particularly poultry, which is frequently contaminated. Salmonella infection occurs when ingested organisms bypass gastric defenses, multiply within the intestinal lumen, penetrate the intestinal mucosa, and multiply within macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. They may then disseminate via the systemic circulation. Several virulence factors have been identified. The wide range of pathologic and clinical manifestations are subdivided into four syndromes, each requiring a distinct diagnostic and therapeutic approach: (1) gastroenteritis, (2) enteric fever, (3) bacteremia with or without metastatic disease, and (4) asymptomatic carriage. Although any serotype can cause any of these syndromes, certain serotypes are associated with specific presentations. Serious complications of bacteremic infection include infections of the aorta, endocardium, bone, and meninges. Salmonella infection is particularly severe in patients who have AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma, immunodeficiency of other causes, inflammatory bowel disease, schistosomiasis, and macrophage dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on culture of the organism from appropriate sites. Several serologic tests have been developed that warrant further evaluation. Chloramphenicol, ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole have clearly established efficacy. Experience with third generation cephalosporins and quinolones is preliminary and fragmentary, but results suggest that they may prove to be efficacious in certain clinical circumstances. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem in certain geographic areas. The three vaccines for S. typhi that are currently in use internationally provide only moderate protection for short periods of time.
Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988 Sep
PMID:The spectrum of Salmonella infection. 307 16

There are many similarities in the Vibrionaceae that cause human illness in the United States (see Table 1). Vibrios are characteristically indigenous to marine, estuarine, and brackish environments. They are distributed mainly in Gulf of Mexico coastal water, and these organisms "bloom" when the water is warm. Outbreaks of disease in humans frequently occur in summer, coinciding with multiplication of vibrios in warm water. Sporadic cases and small outbreaks of cholera continue to occur in persons living on or near the Gulf of Mexico, but infection in most persons is unrecognized. In fact, more serious and frequent illnesses result from V. vulnificus wound infections and from gastroenteritis caused by vibrios other than V. cholerae 01. Underlying hepatic or neoplastic disease (especially leukemia) apparently increases the likelihood and severity of illnesses caused by V. vulnificus and Aeromonas. Some Vibrionaceae produce clinical illness by means of enterotoxins identical or similar to cholera toxin. For many others, hemolysins, cytotoxins, and other exotoxins are necessary to produce disease; the importance of these virulence factors often is not known or the importance of these virulence factors often is not known or is of doubtful significance. Also, purported pathogenicity as demonstrated by animal models, such as fluid accumulation in ligated ileal loops, is quite nonspecific and needs to be interpreted cautiously. For Plesiomonas, a mode of pathogenesis has not been discovered. Eating raw shellfish (frequently raw oysters) has been linked epidemiologically to enteric infections with most of these bacteria; foreign travel and exposure to seawater are other frequently observed epidemiologic associations with infection. Foreign travel, particularly to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, has been strongly associated with the acquisition of non-01 V. cholerae and Plesiomonas organisms. Most Vibrionaceae in the United States are susceptible in vitro--and illnesses from them are responsive--to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and other common antimicrobial agents. However, as for other bacteria that cause diarrhea, the main treatment for uncomplicated disease is the judicious replacement of fluids and electrolytes lost in diarrhea. A loose network of surveilance for these organisms comprises hospital and public health laboratories in Gulf coastal states that plate diarrheal stools on TCBS agar. As recognized pathogens are more assiduously screened for, and as newly identified vibrios are definitely included or excluded as enteric pathogens, the clinical importance of these members of the Vibrionaceae family should become clearer.
Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988 Sep
PMID:Vibrios and Aeromonas. 307 21

A 1983 investigation of two clambake-related gastroenteritis outbreaks in Rochester, New York, showed that 84 (43%) of 196 persons interviewed had an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. None of the ill persons were hospitalized or had complications. Illness was associated with eating raw (p = 0.002) or baked (p less than 0.01) hard-shell clams, with the risk of illness increasing with the total number of clams consumed (p less than 0.01). The median incubation period and duration of illness were 36 and 44 hours, respectively. Stool samples obtained 2-4 days after onset of illness were negative for commonly recognized bacterial and viral pathogens. However, of 31 persons whose stools were tested, the stool of only one ill person was positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the Snow Mountain agent, one of the Norwalk-like viruses. Paired serum specimens from six (67%) of nine ill and two (29%) of seven well persons showed a fourfold or greater rise in antibody titer to Snow Mountain agent. Persons who ate clams were more likely to seroconvert to Snow Mountain agent (eight of 12) than were those who did not eat clams (zero of four) (p = 0.04). The clams were harvested off the coast of southern Massachusetts in late October, when harvest waters were documented to be contaminated by untreated municipal sewage. This report describes the first documented outbreak of shellfish-associated gastroenteritis attributed to Snow Mountain agent of which we are aware.
Am J Epidemiol 1987 Sep
PMID:Snow Mountain agent gastroenteritis from clams. 311 35


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