Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent observations in children with rotavirus gastroenteritis and in infant mice given rotavirus vaccine by oral administration suggest that this well-known gastrointestinal pathogen may infect the liver. To examine this possibility, the susceptibility of Hep G2 cells to infection with a variety of rotavirus strains was tested. These cells were used because they are considered to be well differentiated and exhibit many liver-specific functions. The Hep G2 cells supported the growth of the simian strain rhesus rotavirus (MMU 18006), a strain currently being used in vaccine trails, but did not support the growth of any human strain (D, DS1, Price or ST3). The rhesus rotavirus infection was cytopathic and resulted in release of lactate dehydrogenase. Rhesus rotavirus growth in Hep G2 cells displayed trypsin-enhanced infectivity and was inhibited by pretreatment of cells with Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidase but not with neuraminidase from Clostridium perfringens. Hep G2 cells were also permissive for another simian strain (SA11), a bovine strain (UK) and single gene substitution reassortants containing VP7 (the major outer capsid neutralization protein) from a human rotavirus strain and the remaining 10 genes from either rhesus rotavirus or UK. In general, UK and its reassortants produced lower levels of antigen than did rhesus rotavirus and its reassortants. Hep G2 cells and other hepatic cell lines may prove to be useful tools to explore the hepatotropic potential of wild-type rotaviruses and candidate vaccine strains.
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PMID:Growth of group A rotaviruses in a human liver cell line. 217 Feb 64

In 1972, the 27-nm Norwalk virus associated with epidemic viral gastroenteritis in older children and adults was discovered, and in 1973, the detection of the 70-nm human rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children followed. They are responsible for 35-50% of severe diarrhea in children under 2. In a Bangladesh study, rotaviruses were the most frequent pathogens in children under 2 with diarrheal illnesses. 4 epidemiologically important human rotavirus serotypes have been identified. After inoculation in utero with bovine rotavirus (NCDV), calves were protected against disease following challenge at birth with human rotavirus type 1. The human rotavirus vaccine, RIT 4237, is derived from the cold-adapted bovine rotavirus NCDV (Lincoln) strain. A single oral dose of the vaccine provided a protection rate of 88% against rotavirus diarrhea in 178 Finnish infants 8-11 months of age. An 82% protection rate was observed in 331 Finnish infants 6-12 months of age following 2 oral doses. The rhesus rotavirus strain MMU 18006 as a candidate rotavirus vaccine was safe and antigenic after oral administration in adult volunteers, children, and infants. The rhesus rotavirus vaccine induced significant febrile reactions in 64% and watery stools in 20% of 608 month old Finnish infants; and it was more antigenic than the RIT 4237 vaccine. Neither adult volunteers became ill during recent phase 1 trials in Baltimore with 2 rotaviruses: the D (human rotavirus serotype 1) x RRV (rhesus rotavirus) reassortant. Similar studies were carried out with a DS-1 x RRV reassortant in 2 volunteers with high levels of prechallenge plaque-reduction neutralization (PRN) antibody to this reassortant. Neither volunteer became ill. Later 14 volunteers with little prechallenge PRN serum antibody to this reassortant were given the reassortant; none developed diarrheal illness. Each of the 4 rotavirus serotypes has been isolated from newborns with asymptomatic infections 1 strain recovered from asymptomatic neonates within the first 14 days of life induced significant protection against serious rotavirus disease for up to 3 years. Attenuation of virulent human rotavirus strain might also be achieved by cold adaptation.
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PMID:Prospects for development of a rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants and young children. 254 76

We conducted a clinical trial of rhesus rotavirus vaccine MMU-18006 (RRV, serotype 3) to assess the immunogenicity, transmissibility and booster effect of this vaccine in a welfare nursery in Sapporo, from September 1986 to October 1988. After the trial, in March 1989, an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to a wild strain of serotype 1 rotavirus (RV-1) occurred in the study population. Infants were divided into three groups based on vaccination history: five booster vaccinees, 18 one-dose vaccinees and 18 control infants who did not receive vaccine. There was a significant relationship between asymptomatic infection and higher levels of preoutbreak antibody titres against KU (serotype 1) but not RRV. Significant protection from rotavirus illness was observed both in the booster vaccine group and in the one-dose vaccine group but not in the control group. Rotavirus-specific serum IgA immune response was considered to be one of the indicators of recent rotavirus infection, and did not correlate with resistance to rotavirus illness. Our results revealed that protection from rotavirus illness was serotype-specific and that previous rotavirus infection, including vaccination, was important to induce the heterotypic immune response, and that ageing or booster inoculation of RRV might play a role in the protection against serotype 1 rotavirus infection. From our findings, a booster administration was thought to be important to induce effective heterotypic immunity and should be included in a future rotavirus vaccine trial to obtain sufficient protection against four major serotypes of rotavirus.
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PMID:Efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine MMU-18006 against gastroenteritis due to serotype 1 rotavirus. 797 35

Some aspects of immune resistance to rotavirus gastroenteritis were assessed on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings during several outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to rotavirus of serotype 1 or 3 in a welfare nursery. Protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis was serotype specific and seemed to be related to levels of antibody to homotypic virus. The short duration of the protective effect may explain recurrent attacks of gastroenteritis due to the same serotype. Heterotypic antibody responses suggested that immunity to heterotypic virus can be induced by natural rotavirus infection or a rotavirus vaccine. Results of a field trial of a candidate vaccine, rhesus rotavirus strain MMU 18006, were used as a basis for evaluating strategies for vaccine development.
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PMID:Virological and serological aspects of immune resistance to rotavirus gastroenteritis. 838 12

Tetravalent human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) contains the rhesus rotavirus (RRV) strain MMU 18006, which has serotype G3 specificity, and reassortant rotavirus strains with human serotype G1, G2 and G4 specificity. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in humans is predominantly caused by these 4 serotypes. RRV-TV 4 x 10(4), 4 x 10(5) or 4 x 10(6) plaque-forming units (PFU) per dose induces seroresponse rates (generally defined as a >or=4-fold increase in antibody titre) of 48 to 93% for IgA against RRV and 49 to 90% for neutralising antibodies to RRV after 1 to 3 doses in infants aged >or=4 weeks. Seroresponse rates for neutralising antibodies to human serotypes G1, G2, G3 and G4 are generally lower (2 to 68%). The rates generally increase with sequential doses, but not necessarily with increased vaccine titre. Seroresponse rates appear to be better in older infants than in neonates or infants aged <or=12 weeks. RRV-TV is more immunogenic against human G2, G3 and G4 serotypes than the monovalent serotype G1 human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-S1) and tends to be more immunogenic against G1, G2 and G3 serotypes than the human serotype G1 strain vaccine M37. In most settings, RRV-TV has at least moderate efficacy in reducing the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Importantly, it protects against severe disease, with efficacy rates of 69 to 100% against very severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in large scale studies in the US, Finland and Venezuela. RRV-TV has similar overall efficacy to RRV-S1, but provides greater protection against gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus strains of serotypes other than G1. The efficacy of RRV-TV is not significantly affected by breast feeding or concurrent use of oral poliovirus vaccine. The only adverse effect with which RRV-TV has been associated is a mild, transient febrile reaction. Limited data from the US and Finland suggest that vaccination with RRV-TV could be cost saving. In conclusion, the incidence of paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis, particularly severe cases, would be reduced in most settings by the incorporation of RRV-TV into routine childhood immunisation schedules. Further refinements to RRV-TV (and/or development of additional candidate vaccines) may eventually produce even greater protective efficacy. In the meantime, RRV-TV is a significant advance in the prevention of paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis worldwide.
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PMID:Tetravalent human-rhesus reassortant rotavirus vaccine: a review of its immunogenicity, tolerability and protective efficacy against paediatric rotavirus gastroenteritis. 1802 May 51