Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The major disorder of water and electrolyte metabolism in children is dehydrating diarrhea. The major advance in the treatment of this condition has been the development of oral rehydration therapy, ie, the enteral administration of a balanced glucose-electrolyte solution. This therapy is effective in patients of all ages, dehydration of all degrees short of hypovolemic shock, with gastroenteritis of all causes, and electrolyte disturbances including hypo- and hypernatremia. This review highlights current experimental and clinical studies that have focused on oral rehydration solutions that have the additional benefit of reducing the severity and duration of diarrheal disease. Recent results have been conflicting, however, and the search for the optimal solution continues.
 ...
PMID:Fluid and electrolyte therapy for children. 806 39

An open-label, inpatient study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of two oral rehydration solutions (ORS) given randomly to children aged 1-10 years who had acute gastroenteritis with mild or moderate dehydration (n = 45). One solution contained 60 mmol/l sodium and 1.8% glucose, total osmolality 240 mosm/l (Gastrolyte, Rhone-poulenc, Rorer) and the other contained 26 mmol/l sodium, 2.7% glucose and 3.6% sucrose, total osmolality 340 mOsm/l (Glucolyte, Gilseal). Analysis of data indicated that Gastrolyte therapy resulted in significantly fewer episodes and volume of vomiting over all time periods in comparison to Glucolyte and significantly less stool volume during the first 8 h and in the 0-24 h period. The differences between treatments in degree of dehydration at each follow-up period, duration of diarrhoea, and duration of hospital stay were not significant. No adverse drug reactions occurred. Six patients received intravenous rehydration treatment and were considered treatment failures. We conclude that oral rehydration therapy is safe and efficacious in the management of dehydration in acute diarrhoea and that the lower osmolar rehydration solution has clinically marginal advantages.
 ...
PMID:Osmolality electrolyte and carbohydrate type and oral rehydration solutions: a controlled study to compare the efficacy of two commercially available solutions (osmolalities 240 mmol/L and 340 mmol/L). 818 94

Twenty-five infants with hypernatremic dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis were given oral rehydration therapy (ORT). The patients received a glucose-electrolyte solution (such as that recommended by the World Health Organization) over six hours (2:1 rotating method). Twenty-three patients were successfully rehydrated within 48 hours after onset of therapy, while the two remaining patients attained normal serum Na+ levels within 72 hours. Acidosis was noted in 10 patients which disappeared in 24 hours.
 ...
PMID:Oral rehydration of infants with hypernatremic dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis. 824 1

An asymmetric organ culture system in which ileal tissues, freshly removed from rabbits, can be maintained structurally and functionally for up to 4 h has been developed. The composition of the solutions used to maintain ileal tissue in vitro were as follows. The serosal surface was bathed in the World Health Organization (WHO) rehydration formulation: NaCl, 60 mM; NaHCO3, 30 mM; KCl, 20 mM; and glucose, 111 mM. The mucosal surface was bathed in the same solution with two important changes: all the sodium was replaced by choline, which is not absorbed, and tissue culture medium (consisting of commercial minimal essential medium to which was added fetal calf serum and glutamine to final concentrations of 10% [vol/vol] and 2.0 mM, respectively) was added to the choline-containing medium to a final concentration of 10% (vol/vol). The initial invasiveness (first 2 h) of seven strains of Salmonella typhimurium differing in virulence (defined in terms of clinical origin or the ability to induce fluid loss in monkeys or rabbit ileal loops) was assessed quantitatively in an in vitro invasion assay with the organ culture system. The virulent strains (TML, W118, and WAKE) were found to be about 25- to 100-fold more invasive than the avirulent strains (SL1027, M206, LT7, and Thax-1). Thus, a clear correlation between initial mucosal invasion and virulence of S. typhimurium in a model which is relevant to human gastroenteritis was established. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that quantitative studies of invasiveness have been carried out in vitro on freshly isolated functioning gut.
 ...
PMID:Quantitative studies of invasion of rabbit ileal mucosa by Salmonella typhimurium strains which differ in virulence in a model of gastroenteritis. 830 Feb 15

The authors describe the design of and statistical analyses involved in the Ambulatory Care Medical Audit Demonstration Project, which tested feasibility, cost, and effectiveness of cycles that met quality assurance requirements in eight pediatric and eight general medicine group practices at four teaching hospitals and six health centers. The authors used a concurrent crossover design using randomized cycles of quality assurance so that a practice was a control site for one guideline and an experimental site for another. For 12 months before and 18 months during and after quality assurance experimental interventions, the authors measured practitioner conformance to review criteria for patient-care guidelines believed to improve outcomes, including four internal medicine patient-care guidelines (ie, follow-up of low hematocrit, cancer screening for women, follow-up of high serum glucose, and monitoring of patients treated with digoxin) and four pediatric patient-care guidelines (ie, follow-up of positive urine cultures, screening for disease and immunizing infants, management of acute gastroenteritis, and management of acute ear infection). The authors distinguished review criteria whose performance depended on personal efforts of practitioners from those that concerned performance dependent on the practice's system for reporting test results and calling patients to return for care.
 ...
PMID:The Ambulatory Care Medical Audit Demonstration Project. Research design. 879 86

The prevalence of carbohydrate intolerance in Polish children during an acute episode of gastroenteritis was determined. One hundred and seven consecutive children, less than 3 years old, with acute diarrhoea were enrolled into the study. Carbohydrate intolerance (diagnostic criteria: >0.5% reducing substances and stool pH less than 5.5) was diagnosed in 14/107 (13.08%) children: lactose intolerance was present in 12 (11.2%) patients; glucose polymer intolerance in 1 (0.93%) and monosaccharide intolerance in 1 (0.93%). The most important predisposing factor was rotavirus. In all cases the carbohydrate intolerance was transient, resolving within 5 days. Carbohydrate intolerance is also an infrequent problem in Polish children. Restriction of lactose-containing foods (use of lactose-free or low lactose formulas) for the majority of children with gastroenteritis does not seem to be justified.
 ...
PMID:Carbohydrate intolerance after acute gastroenteritis--a disappearing problem in Polish children. 917 17

Rice-starch based oral rehydration solution (ORS) has been shown to be a suitable alternative to glucose-based ORS in the treatment of both choleragenic and non-choleragenic dehydration in older infants and children. However, in young infants, the wider use of rice-starch ORS has been impeded because of theoretical concern about the poor digestibility of starch. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rice-starch ORS in the rehydration of acute diarrhoeal dehydration in infants below 6 months of age. Sixty-three infants with clinical features of acute gastroenteritis were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A, comprising 31 infants, received a rice-starch ORS and group B, comprising 32 infants, received a glucose-based ORS. The response to treatment was monitored by weight gain, stool frequency, and decrease in vomiting. The mean weight gain in moderately dehydrated and mildly dehydrated infants in both groups A and B were closely similar at 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment with the respective ORS solution. The infants without dehydration receiving rice-starch ORS had significantly greater weight gain at 12 h compared to those receiving glucose ORS. However, this difference was not observed at 24 and 48 h. The results of this study show that rice-starch ORS is as safe and efficacious as glucose-based ORS in young infants.
 ...
PMID:Rice-starch oral rehydration therapy in neonates and young infants. 971 4

Two hundred and ninety five children admitted with acute gastroenteritis from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1996 to the Paediatric unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, were reviewed. Eighty-nine percent of children received treatment before admission. Information regarding the type of treatment received were available in 152 (52%) cases. Eighty percent of them were prescribed medications, 40% were prescribed glucose-electrolyte mixtures, and 13% were advised a change of formula. Only 18 children (12%) were advised to take glucose-electrolyte mixtures alone. The four most common prescribed drugs were: antibiotics (43%), antipyretics (39%), antidiarrhoeal agents (30%), and antiemetics (24%). The use of antibiotics, antiemetics and antidiarrhoeal drugs for children with acute gastroenteritis among primary care doctors appears to be common. The use of glucose-electrolyte mixtures was uncommon.
 ...
PMID:Pre-admission management of acute gastroenteritis in children: too much or too little? 1097

Intestinal biopsy in a boy with gastroenteritis-induced protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) showed loss of heparan sulfate (HS) and syndecan-1 core protein from the basolateral surface of the enterocytes, which improved after PLE subsided. Isoelectric focusing analysis of serum transferrin indicated a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) and subsequent analysis showed three point mutations in the ALG6 gene encoding an alpha1,3-glucosyltransferase needed for the addition of the first glucose to the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide. The maternal mutation, C998T, causing an A333V substitution, has been shown to cause CDG-Ic, whereas the two paternal mutations, T391C (Y131H) and C924A (S308R) have not previously been reported. The mutations were tested for their ability to rescue faulty N:-linked glycosylation of carboxypeptidase Y in an ALG6-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Normal human ALG6 rescues glycosylation and A333V partially rescues, whereas the combined paternal mutations (Y131H and S308R) are ineffective. Underglycosylation resulting from each of these mutations is much more severe in rapidly dividing yeast. Similarly, incomplete protein glycosylation in the patient is most severe in rapidly dividing enterocytes during gastroenteritis-induced stress. Incomplete N:-linked glycosylation of an HS core protein and/or other biosynthetic enzymes may explain the selective localized loss of HS and PLE.
 ...
PMID:Reduced heparan sulfate accumulation in enterocytes contributes to protein-losing enteropathy in a congenital disorder of glycosylation. 1110 64

We report an outbreak of acute diarrhoea due to Aeromonas sobria in Benghazi which occurred during a 1-month period in 1997. Of 69 patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis, 28 were positive for A. sobria based on the production of gas from glucose, the production of acetoin, hydrogen sulfide and lysine decarboxylase and on aesculin hydrolysis and fermentation of arabinose and salicin. The strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline and gentamicin but resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin. We were unable to trace the source of the infection.
 ...
PMID:An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to Aeromonas sobria in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 1155 43


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>