Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis and their household contacts were cultured for Yersinia enterocolitica by direct plating onto routine laboratory media. These stools were also inoculated into phosphate-buffered saline and subcultured to the same media after 1 day or 3 weeks of incubation at 4 degrees C. Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 174 index cases and 34 household contacts. One hundred eighty-one isolates were of serotype O:3, and the remaining 21 belonged to other serotypes. Eighty-one percent (147/181) of O:3 isolates were recovered by direct plating, and 6.1% (11/181) and 13% (23/181) were recovered by 1-day and 3-week cold enrichment, respectively. For other serotypes, 26% (7/27), 0%, and 74% (20/27) were isolated by direct plating, 1-day cold enrichment, and 3-week cold enrichment, respectively. The efficacy of the cold enrichment for the patients were still symptomatic, 94 and 6% of Y. enterocolitica were identified by direct plating and cold enrichment, respectively. Isolation rates were 66% by direct plating and 34% by cold enrichment when stools were obtained from asymptomatic carriers or from those convalescing from Y. enterocolitica gastroenteritis. These results indicate that the cold enrichment methods increase the sensitivity of Y. entercolitica culture methods considerably in convalescent and asymptomatic subjects but only minimally in patients with diarrhea caused by serotype O:3.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of cold enrichment techniques for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica from human stools. 38 18

Vitiligo is a common dermatological manifestation of obscure etiology, affecting mostly healthy people. It has also been observed in association with sunburn, various chemicals, repeated friction, physical trauma, and numerous systemic and cutaneous diseases. However, white discoloration of teeth in these patients has not yet been reported. We describe a 14-year-old boy with vitiligo who presented with white patches on the surface of his upper, central incisors. Medical history and laboratory tests excluded those complications documented in the literature known to be associated with white discoloration of the teeth, such as disturbances of calcium and phosphate metabolism (as in vitamin D refractory rickets), hypoparathyroidism, gastroenteritis, celiac disease, premature birth, hyperplasia of the enamel and prolonged ingestion during tooth formation of water containing excessive fluoride.
 ...
PMID:[Vitiligo and white dental discoloration]. 156 67

To explore different types of metabolic acidosis in acute gastroenteritis of infancy, and to correlate it with nutritional status and clinical outcome, we examined prospectively 27 consecutive infants admitted with moderate to severe dehydration and arterial blood pH less than or equal to 7.20. Serum anion gap, creatinine, divalent cations (Ca, Mg), and the anionic contribution of total protein, lactate, and phosphate as well as ketones and urine pH, were determined on admission and compared with age-matched controls. Twenty infants (Group A) presented with normal anion gap (13.1 +/- 2.7) associated with hyperchloremia (115.8 +/- 4.2 mmol/L, p less than 0.01) and diminished bicarbonate (9.7 +/- 2.4 mmol/L, p less than 0.01), compared with controls. The other seven infants (group B) demonstrated an increased anion gap (26.7 +/- 3.2, p less than 0.01), associated with significant elevations of lactate (3.4 +/- 0.7 mmol/L, p less than 0.001), total protein (93.4 +/- 12.3 g/L, p less than 0.01), as well as phosphate (2.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/L, p less than 0.01) and creatinine (164.9 +/- 45.1 mumol/L, p less than 0.001), compared with controls. No significant deviations of blood divalent cations or ketones were noted in both groups. Urine pH was less than or equal to 5.5 in all subjects. Analysis of nutritional status and clinical outcome in both groups revealed significant differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Type of acidosis and clinical outcome in infantile gastroenteritis. 831 87

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was readily adsorbed onto chicken erythrocytes at 4 degrees C. The hemagglutinin thus adsorbed could be eluted from the erythrocytes by incubating in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C. The receptor on chicken erythrocytes for the hemagglutinin was inactivated by neuraminidase and potassium periodate, but not by trypsin, 2-mercaptoethanol and formalin. The hemagglutinin was inactivated by trypsin, papain, pepsin, alpha-amylase, phospholipase C, neuraminidase, formalin, 2-mercaptoethanol, potassium periodate, ethyl ether, chloroform, Tween-80 and beta-propiolactone, but not by sodium deoxycholate and trichlorotrifluoroethane, suggesting that the active component of the hemagglutinin involved glycoproteins. The hemagglutinin was stable at 37 degrees C or lower temperatures but not at 60 degrees C or higher temperatures. The hemagglutinin activity was resistant to ultraviolet irradiation, while the infectivity was very susceptible. The hemagglutinin and the infectivity were readily sedimented by ultracentrifugation at 45,000 x g for 60 minutes. In rate zonal centrifugation of the hemagglutinin preparation on a sucrose density gradient, the hemagglutinin activity showed a sharp peak at 1.19 g/ml coinciding with the peak of infectivity. The activity in the peak fraction seemed to be structurally associated with virus particles.
 ...
PMID:Physicochemical properties of transmissible gastroenteritis virus hemagglutinin. 283 45

Faecal specimens from 520 patients with non-bacterial, gastroenteritis were examined by electron microscopy using four methods. These were (1) a direct dip method, (2) low-speed centrifugation, (3) ultracentrifugation and (4) a calcium phosphate method. The calcium phosphate method combined with low-speed centrifugation (750 X g, 2,100 X g) was considered overall best. The calcium phosphate method makes it possible to handle a large number of faecal specimens by saving considerable time and labour.
 ...
PMID:An ion-exchange capture technique for routine identification of faecal viruses by electron microscopy. 302 38

Alterations in serum ionized and total calcium, magnesium, and phosphate concentrations, during recovery from acute dehydrating gastroenteritis, were studied. Fifteen children with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis had serum concentrations of ionized and total calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, creatinine, and albumin, as well as acid-base status, evaluated during rehydration and up to 72-h postadmission. The total serum calcium corrected for albumin did not change significantly during rehydration and remained within the normal range. Although serum ionized calcium fell significantly at 24 and 72 h, its concentration was not sufficiently decreased to cause symptomatic hypocalcemia. Serum ionized calcium correlated significantly with pH (r = -0.57), bicarbonate (r = -0.63), and albumin (r = +0.65), but not with total serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. Serum magnesium remained within the normal range during the study period. Serum phosphate was increased on admission (2.64 +/- 0.77 mmol/L), decreased by 12 h (to 0.84 +/- 0.32 mmol/L), and then followed by a gradual increase. This study suggests that changes in serum ionized calcium in dehydrating gastroenteritis are not of clinical significance. However, changes in serum phosphate concentration need further evaluation.
 ...
PMID:Serum calcium and phosphate disturbances during rehydration in acute dehydrating gastroenteritis. 369 49

The sensitivity and performance characteristics of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) depend to a great extent on the kinetics of the enzyme-substrate system used as indicator. We labeled a variety of polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulins with purified beta-lactamase and used them in sensitive EIA systems for the detection of a number of microbial antigens. Polyclonal antibodies to rotavirus, adenovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribitol phosphate and monoclonal antibodies to dengue virus were labeled with beta-lactamase and used to provide sensitive direct EIA systems for the detection of the corresponding antigens. In addition, antibodies directed at animal immunoglobulins were labeled with beta-lactamase and used in indirect EIA for the detection of viral antigens with unlabeled anti-viral monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Similarly, avidin from Streptomyces was labeled with beta-lactamase and used to detect viral antigens tested for in an avidin-biotin format. Enzyme immunoassay systems with beta-lactamase-labeled antibodies were also used to detect rotaviral and adenoviral antigens in rectal swab specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis. The sensitivity of the beta-lactamase EIA compared favorably with that of analogous EIA systems using alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase. The results of a beta-lactamase EIA were easily determined by naked eye and a permanent record of the qualitative results obtained by the use of a standard office photocopier, obviating the need for an expensive colorimeter. Enzyme immunoassays using beta-lactamase have potential as practical assay systems for the detection of a wide range of microbial antigens using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
 ...
PMID:The use of beta-lactamase in enzyme immunoassays for detection of microbial antigens. 609 74

Nosocomial outbreaks of rotaviral gastroenteritis are a common occurrence. Although proper disinfection practices in the hospital environment are considered to be important in the prevention and control of such outbreaks, very little information has been available on the rotavirus-inactivating capacity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics commonly used in hospitals. In view of this, 11 such products were selected and screened for their capacity to bring about at least a 3 log10 reduction in the plaque titre of rotavirus SA-11 after a contact time of 1-30 min. Consept "D" (1:100), D.R.X. (1:80), Dustbane Germicidal (1:80), Hibitane, and Wescodyne (1:200) were found to be ineffective under these test conditions even in the absence of an added organic load. The virucidal capacity of Savlon (1:200) and Zephiran was completely neutralized when single-strength tryptose phosphate broth was added to the virus-disinfectant mixture to simulate an organic load. Cidex (2% acid glutaraldehyde), Proviodine (10% solution of povidone-iodine), Septisol (0.75% hexachlorophene), and Sana Rinse (70% isopropylalcohol, 0.1% hexachlorophene) were able to produce at least a 3 log10 (99.9%) reduction in the virus plaque titre even in the presence of added organic matter. These findings should be of help in the prevention and control of outbreaks of rotaviral diarrhea in the hospital environment.
 ...
PMID:Rotavirus inactivation by chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in hospitals. 631 42

The performance characteristics of enzyme immunoassays are determined to a great extent by the enzyme-substrate system utilized for the immunoassay. Beta-lactamases (penicillin amido-beta-lactamhydrolase EC 3.5.2.6) offer a number of advantages which might make them useful in immunoassay systems. We linked beta-lactamase from Bacillus cereus with biotin and used the biotinillated enzyme to devise immunoassay systems for the detection of a number of microbial antigens. An assay system in which antibodies to the polyribitol phosphate antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b were used was capable of detecting between 0.4 and 1.6 ng of that antigen. Similarly, an assay in which antibodies to the common antigens of adenoviruses and biotin-linked beta-lactamase were used was capable of detecting between 1 and 10 50% tissue culture infective doses of a strain of enteric-type adenovirus. When applied to the detection of rotavirus, a similar system in which biotinillated beta-lactamase was used was capable of detecting small amounts of antigen in a standard rotavirus preparation. This assay could also detect virus in 36 of 37 stool specimens from children with rotavirus gastroenteritis. The positive specimens could easily be distinguished from negative ones by the naked eye, and a permanent record of the qualitative results could be obtained by the use of a standard office photocopying machine. Beta-lactamases have promise for use in practical enzyme immunoassay systems, especially in situations in which expensive colorimetric instrumentation is not available.
 ...
PMID:Enzyme immunoassays in which biotinillated beta-lactamase is used for the detection of microbial antigens. 632 89

Bladder stones, which have almost disappeared from much of the world, still occur frequently in developing countries. Kuwait has become a very wealthy nation over the past 25 years, having previously been among the poorest, and many of its people are adopting a "western" life style in relation to their dietary habits, sanitation and control of the environmental temperature within their houses and public buildings. Over a 2-year period, 34 children presented with bladder urethral stones. Their ages ranged from 8 months to 11 years and two-thirds of them were under 4 years. There were 31 males and 3 females. Twenty-six of the 34 patients were from nomadic families living in the rural periphery of Kuwait, although such families represent less than 12% of the total population of the country. The aetiology of bladder stones is complex and no single factor accounts for all, but we found evidence that lifestyle, environment, diet and the incidence of gastroenteritis all can play a part in the formation of stones within the urinary tract. In contrast to other published series, we found considerable evidence for the formation of the stones within the kidneys, with later enlargement in the bladder. Also, in contrast to other series, we found that urate, as opposed to oxylate, is the predominant substance that we suggest crystallizes out onto a mucopolysaccharide matrix in highly concentrated urine when rates of excretion of ammonia and calcium are high and the urinary phosphate buffer is low. Such conditions readily occur in malnourished, dehydrated infants with gastroenteritis.
 ...
PMID:Vesical calculi in children in Kuwait. 714 44


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>