Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The peak rise in breath hydrogen and the volume of excess pulmonary excretion of hydrogen in response to a 10 g dose of the non-abosorbable disaccharide, lactulose, was significantly lower in children with active gastroenteritis and diarrhea than in nondiarrheal controls. Thus, despite the fact that the H2 breath test is a convenient, noninvasive technology for use in children, it cannot be recommended for measuring carbohydrate malabsorption in individuals with active, on-going episodes of diarrhea.
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PMID:H2 breath tests during diarrhea. 41 85

A study was conducted among 234 Bangladeshi children to determine LM (lactose malabsorption) and its relation with age, history of diarrhea, nutrition, and breastfeeding. LM was determined by using BHT (breath hydrogen test) which showed similar results to a modified lactose tolerance test conducted in hospitals. BHT results indicated that 80% of the children over 36 months had LM while all infants less than 6 months absorbed lactose completely. With recent incidences of diarrhea and acute malnutrition the rates of LM increased. In addition, children who were still breastfeeding had a lower rate of LM than weaned children perhaps since breastfed children suffer less from gastroenteritis and diarrhea or because some component of breast milk protects against LM. The United Nation's Protein Advisory Group encourages milk consumption but other reports cite increased mortality rates and slower recovery when malnourished children were supplied lactose-containing milk. It is suggested that milk be distributed in low doses in areas where there are high LM rates.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption in Bangladeshi village children: relation with age, history of recent diarrhea, nutritional status, and breast feeding. 47 86

Ninety infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis were investigated for lactose malabsorption. Each of them was given an oral lactose load of 2g per kg of body weight after which breath hydrogen excretion was measured, and each was observed for clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance. Only 2 patients, given 2g per kg of lactose, had clinical lactose intolerance. Forty-nine of the 90 patients studied were found to have the rotavirus antigen in their stools. Forty-five of them were found to have an abnormal lactose breath hydrogen test (LBHT). Twenty-three patients with abnormal LBHT were restarted on a diluted lactose-containing formula for oral feeding. They required longer hospitalization (mean 6.7 days, range 3-14 days) and were free of diarrhea in 14 days (mean 7.5 days). Twenty-two patients found to have an abnormal LBHT were given a nonlactose-containing formula (Isomil, Nursoy, Alsoy, ProSobee, or Bebelac FL) when restarted on oral feeding. All patients require less than 5 days of hospitalization and free of diarrhea in 5 days (mean 3.4 days). The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:Breath hydrogen test for assessment of lactose malabsorption following rotavirus gastroenteritis. 198 76

The faecal carriage rates of different species of Proteeae were assessed in studies with 220 faecal isolates from 219 individuals of whom approximately one-third were well and the remainder had gastro-enteritis. As a result of the development of new media that allowed replacement of the phenylalanine deaminase test with the tryptophan deaminase test and made it possible to combine tests for indole and urease production and for hydrogen sulphide and ornithine decarboxylase formation in two single-tube tests, all strains were speciated with speed, economy and accuracy. Most (96%) isolates were either Proteus mirabilis (62%) or Morganella morgani (34%). The significance of these findings in relation to urinary tract infection is discussed. P. vulgaris was found in only one (0.45%) faecal specimen and this rarity of carriage in faeces is believed to be the main reason for its rare association with urinary tract infections. The frequent association of M. morgani, in the absence of other enteropathogenic bacteria, with severe gastroenteritis was noted with interest.
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PMID:Rare occurrence of Proteus vulgaris in faeces: a reason for its rare association with urinary tract infections. 351 39

The incidence and degree of incomplete lactose absorption was investigated in breast fed infants and children up to two years of age during acute gastroenteritis (GE). Lactose absorption was assessed in 50 patients by means of the hydrogen breath test (HBT), approximately 5.5 days after the admission to hospital. HBT detected incomplete lactose absorption of marked (lactose malabsorption) and probably mild degree in 8 and 6 patients respectively. Incomplete lactose absorption appeared to be transient in all 5 patients retested after discharge. HBT failed to identify 8 cases of lactose intolerance which were detected by investigation of the stools. In 31 breast fed controls of a similar age range incomplete lactose absorption of only mild degree was probably present in 2 and lactose intolerance in 1, which too was only detected by investigation of stools. During acute GE the use of HBT is appropriate to detect milder forms of incomplete lactose absorption than lactose intolerance. For the detection of lactose intolerance the measurement of pH and reducing substances in the stools remains the method of choice. The findings are in favour of the continuation of breast feeding during acute GE.
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PMID:Incomplete lactose absorption from breast milk during acute gastroenteritis. 395 71

Thirty-eight infants and young children with gastroenteritis were investigated for lactose malabsorption. Each of them was given an oral lactose load of either 0.5 g/kg or 2 g/kg after which breath hydrogen excretion was measured, and each was observed to see if he had clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance. Only one patient, given 2 g/kg lactose, had clinical intolerance. His breath hydrogen excretion however was negative. Three of 18 patients given 0.5 g/kg lactose had positive breath hydrogen tests. None of these was symptomatic. Lactose intolerance in gastroenteritis was rare in our study, and the hydrogen breath test was not an appropriate technique for detecting it.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption during gastroenteritis, assessed by the hydrogen breath test. 725 57

Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are important causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in restaurant-related outbreaks. Efficacy of common disinfection methods against these viruses on food-contact surfaces and fresh produce is not known partially because of their nonculturability. Seven commercial disinfectants for food-contact surfaces and three sanitizers for fruits and vegetables were tested against cultivable feline calicivirus (FCV). Disks of stainless steel, strawberry, and lettuce were contaminated with known amounts of FCV. The disinfectants were applied at one, two, and four times the manufacturer's recommended concentrations for contact times of 1 and 10 min. The action of disinfectant was stopped by dilution, and the number of surviving FCVs was determined by titration in cell cultures. An agent was considered effective if it reduced the virus titer by at least 3 log10 from an initial level of 10(7) 50% tissue culture infective dose. None of the disinfectants was effective when used at the manufacturer's recommended concentration for 10 min. Phenolic compounds, when used at two to four times the recommended concentration, completely inactivated FCV on contact surfaces. A combination of quaternary ammonium compound and sodium carbonate was effective on contact surfaces at twice the recommended concentration. Rinsing of produce with water alone reduced virus titer by 2 log10. On artificially contaminated strawberry and lettuce, peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide was the only effective formulation when used at four times the manufacturers' recommended concentration for 10 min. These findings suggest that FCV and perhaps NLVs are very resistant to commercial disinfectants. However, phenolic compounds at two to four times their recommended concentrations appear to be effective at decontaminating environmental surfaces and may help control foodborne outbreaks of calicivirus in restaurants.
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PMID:Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface. 1156 23

This review focuses on the use and potential of Lactobacillus to prevent infections of the urogenital and intestinal tracts. The presence and dominance of Lactobacillus in the vagina is associated with a reduced risk of bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections. The mechanisms appear to involve anti-adhesion factors, by-products such as hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins lethal to pathogens, and perhaps immune modulation or signaling effects. The instillation of Lactobacillus GR-1 and B-54 or RC-14 strains into the vagina has been shown to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections, and improve the maintenance of a normal flora. Ingestion of these strains into the gut has also been shown to modify the vaginal flora to a more healthy state. In addition, these strains inhibit the growth of intestinal, as well as urogenital pathogens, colonize the gut and protect against infections as shown in mice. Other probiotic strains, such as Lactobacillus GG, have been shown to prevent and treat gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus and bacteria. Given that lactobacilli are not the dominant commensals in a gut which comprises around 10(10) organisms, much work is still needed to define the mechanisms whereby GR-1, RC-14, GG and other strains contribute to health restoration and maintenance. Such critically important studies will require the medical science community to show a willingness to turn away from pharmaceutical remedies as the only solution to health and disease.
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PMID:Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria. 1190 42

Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans in developed countries throughout the world. This bacterium frequently promotes a commensal lifestyle in the gastrointestinal tracts of many animals including birds and consumption or handling of poultry meats is a prevalent source of C. jejuni for infection in humans. To understand how the bacterium promotes commensalism, we used signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis and identified 29 mutants representing 22 different genes of C. jejuni strain 81-176 involved in colonization of the chick gastrointestinal tract. Among the determinants identified were two adjacent genes, one encoding a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP), presumably required for proper chemotaxis to a specific environmental component, and another gene encoding a putative cytochrome c peroxidase that may function to reduce periplasmic hydrogen peroxide stress during in vivo growth. Deletion of either gene resulted in attenuation for growth throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Further examination of 10 other putative MCPs or MCP-domain containing proteins of C. jejuni revealed one other required for wild-type levels of caecal colonization. This study represents one of the first genetic screens focusing on the bacterial requirements necessary for promoting commensalism in a vertebrate host.
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PMID:Identification of Campylobacter jejuni genes involved in commensal colonization of the chick gastrointestinal tract. 1506 34

In pathogenic bacteria, iron acquisition is important for colonization and proliferation in the host under iron-limited conditions. The ability of Vibrio spp. to acquire iron is often critical to their virulence, causing gastroenteritis or excessive watery diarrhea in humans. In the study described here, we cloned the 2,100-bp heme utilization protein gene hupO in Vibrio fluvialis. HupO had high homology to iron-regulated outer membrane receptor proteins in Vibrio sp. and contained motifs that are common to bacterial heme receptors, including a consensus TonB box, a FRAP domain, and an NPNL domain. To characterize the hemin-binding activity of HupO, we purified the recombinant HupO protein (rHupO) from Escherichia coli by using an overexpression system. HupO was found to bind to hemin but not to hemoglobin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting demonstrated that the 77-kDa outer membrane protein HupO of V. fluvialis was induced under iron-restricted conditions. We constructed a hupO mutant, HP1, to investigate the biochemical function of HupO in V. fluvialis. The hemolytic activity of HP1 was reduced compared to that of wild-type cells and, when exposed to hydrogen peroxide, significantly lower numbers of HP1 survived than was the case in the wild type. These results suggest that HupO is associated with virulence expression in V. fluvialis through stimulation of hemolysin production and resistance to oxidative stress. In experimentally infected mice, the 50% lethal dose value of the wild-type was lower than that of the mutant, HP1.
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PMID:Identification of an iron-regulated hemin-binding outer membrane protein, HupO, in Vibrio fluvialis: effects on hemolytic activity and the oxidative stress response. 1566 10


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