Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The CPK cells derived from swine kidney were infected with the attenuated TO-163 strain of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus, and fused with uninfected Vero cells in the presence of polyethylene glycol. Repeated cocultivation of the fused cells with uninfected Vero cells rendered the virus to grow in Vero cells. The Vero cell-adapted virus acquired the ability to infect and produce cytopathic effects in several other non-permissive cell lines of non-porcine origin. No major differences in viral polypeptides were shown between the Vero cell-adapted TO-163 strain and its parent strain by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to TGE virus.
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PMID:Adaptation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus to growth in non-permissive Vero cells. 130 40

The intestinal permeability of specific pathogen free piglets has been studied by measuring the concentration of 14C in the blood after oral administration of 14C polyethylene glycol (14C PEG, MW = 4000) and the concentration of 131I in the faeces after intraperitoneal administration of 131I porcine albumin (131I PA, MW = 68,000). The tests were performed one day before and up to two days after the piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus. Jejunal biopsies were taken from two piglets before the experimental infection, from two piglets 12 h after the experimental infection and from five piglets at the end of the experiment, 46 h after infection. Blood samples were taken six-hourly and faecal samples several times. Some piglets vomited before diarrhoea and loss of appetite started at 14 h after infection; the packed cell volume decreased before but increased after infection. Morphological examination showed hyperregenerative villous atrophy at 46 h after infection. There was no increase in the permeation of 14C PEG but there was a significant increase in the flux of 131I PA from the blood to the gut lumen.
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PMID:Intestinal permeability to polyethylene glycol 4000 and porcine albumin in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. 253 34

Treatment of severe iron overdose in two children is described, and the pathophysiology of iron toxicity and management of acute iron poisonings are reviewed. An 11-month-old boy was comatose and in shock several hours after ingesting approximately 50 ferrous sulfate tablets (elemental iron 390 mg/kg). He had hyperglycemia and leukocytosis. Lavage was performed with a solution containing deferoxamine and sodium bicarbonate, and deferoxamine was given by continuous i.v. infusion for 48 hours. The initial serum iron (SI) concentration of 14,250 micrograms/dL decreased to 657 micrograms/dL nine hours after i.v. deferoxamine therapy was initiated. A roentgenogram showed tablets in the stomach and small bowel. Packed red blood cells were administered to treat apparent necrotizing gastroenteritis. SI concentration returned to normal by day three [corrected], and the child recovered. A 2.5-year-old boy was examined 1.25 hr after ingesting an estimated 55 tablets of ferrous gluconate 325 mg (elemental iron 130 mg/kg). Initial SI concentration was 134 micrograms/dL, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) was 219 micrograms/dL. A roentgenogram indicated iron concretion in the stomach and iron tablets in the small bowel. He underwent lavage with solution containing sodium bicarbonate. An i.m. dose of deferoxamine was administered, followed by i.v. deferoxamine therapy. SI concentration eight hours after the ingestion was 290 micrograms/dL, and whole-bowel irrigation was begun with polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution. The irrigation and deferoxamine therapy were discontinued 20 hours after the ingestion, when SI concentration was 73 micrograms/dL, and the child recovered. Acute iron ingestions of more than 60 mg/kg are potentially serious. Patient 1 had severe iron intoxication, while aggressive treatment prevented severe toxicity in patient 2. Acute iron toxicity includes effects on the GI tract and the cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Guidelines for assessing the severity of an overdose and selecting the most appropriate therapy are provided. The indications for chelation therapy with deferoxamine, gastric decontamination procedures including use of lavage solutions and whole-bowel irrigation, and adjunctive measures are described. Management of acute iron overdose includes supportive care, GI decontamination, and chelation therapy.
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PMID:Management of acute iron overdose. 266 31

We studied the macromolecular permeability of segments of jejunum from 2-wk-old piglets after the animals had been experimentally infected with an invasive enteric virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Jejunal segments were mounted in Ussing chambers at stages of the infection, and permeability was measured using three probe molecules of differing molecular weights. In control tissue, permeability to horseradish peroxidase was 2.6 times higher across segments with Peyer's patches than across segments without Peyer's patches, whereas polyethylene glycol 4000 and mannitol permeabilities were the same in patch and nonpatch segments. Twelve hours after infection, when virus had invaded the mucosa causing a structural lesion, and before diarrhea had begun, horseradish peroxidase permeability increased in non-patch-containing segments to equal that across patch-containing tissue. At this early 12-h stage, polyethylene glycol 4000 and mannitol permeation were unchanged in patch-containing segments compared with controls. Ninety-six hours after transmissible gastroenteritis infection, when diarrhea was severe, horseradish peroxidase permeability in patch-free segments had returned to normal and patch-containing tissue permeability was diminished below control levels. Increased macromolecular permeability appears to occur only in the very early invasive stage of this viral enteritis and only in patch-free segments. Any consideration of the immunologic relevance of these complex phenomena must take into account the specialized function of the Peyer's patch regions of the small intestine.
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PMID:Altered jejunal permeability to macromolecules during viral enteritis in the piglet. 391 15

The methods currently used for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in food are often inadequate because of the rapid loss of viability of this organism when the sample is frozen or refrigerated. A method for estimating the presence of C. perfringens in food which utilizes the hemolytic and lecithinase activities of alpha toxin was developed. The hemolytic activity was measured in hemolysin indicator plates. Lecithinase activity of the extract was determined by the lecithovitellin test. Of 34 strains of C. perfringens associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, 32 produced sufficient alpha toxin in roast beef with gravy and in chicken broth to permit a reliable estimate of growth in these foods. Alpha toxin was extracted from food with 0.4 m saline buffered (at pH 8.0) with 0.05 mN-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid and concentrated by dialysis against 30% polyethylene glycol. A detectable quantity of alpha toxin was produced by approximately 10(6)C. perfringens cells per g of substrate, and the amount increased in proportion to the cell population. Results obtained with food samples responsible for gastroenteritis in humans indicate that a correlation can be made between the amount of alpha toxin present and previous growth of C. perfringens in food regardless of whether the organisms are viable when the examination is performed.
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PMID:Method for estimating the presence of Clostridium perfringens in food. 432 12

The in vitro permeabilities of 14C labeled dextrans (10, 40, and 70 kD) were calculated from mass transport across Peyer's patches and non-patch tissues derived from rabbit jejunum, and a human colon cell line (Caco-2) grown as a monolayer on polycarbonate filters. Size distribution of dextrans did not change upon transport as judged from size exclusion chromatography. Permeabilities decreased in a size-dependent manner. Ranking of permeabilities for dextran 10 and 40 kD were: Caco-2 > non-patch tissue > Peyer's patches; while dextran 70 kD demonstrated no difference among the barriers. Tissue resistance, expressed as 1/(permeability.tissue thickness) was virtually the same in Peyer's patches and non-patch tissue, suggesting that tissue thickness and not interaction determines the difference in permeability. ATP depletion with ouabain, Na(+)-azide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and low temperature (4 degrees C) did not result in reduced permeabilities suggesting passive transport. The results suggest that the investigated intestinal barriers transport dextrans in a similar fashion independent of their source. However, comparison of the ratios dextran 10 kD/mannitol and PEG 900/mannitol between rabbit tissue and Caco-2 monolayers suggests Caco-2 monolayers may serve as a model to study absorption potential of potentially harmful compounds in coeliac disease, gastroenteritis, and colon carcinoma.
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PMID:Mechanism of dextran transport across rabbit intestinal tissue and a human colon cell-line (CACO-2). 754 76

Protease and virulence of the extracellular products (ECP) of Vibrio carchariae strain EmI82KL, a causative agent of gastroenteritis in Epinephelus coioides, cultured on different media were studied. The bacteria grown on peptone agar, nutrient agar or brain heart infusion agar produced higher protease activities than that grown on tryptic soy agar (TSA) in terms of protein content. The addition of ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) or horse serum in TSA enhanced the ECP protease production while the addition of grouper serum apparently reduced the enzyme activity indicating the presence of protease inhibitor(s) in the fish serum. Furthermore, the use of grouper meat or peptone as a single nutrient source remarkably enhanced the production of ECP protease. Adding proteinaceous materials from animal sources (horse serum, grouper meat or peptone) on agar manifested higher ECP protease activity than that from plant source (TSA), indicating the intestine of carnivorous groupers might favour the existence, survival or infection of the bacterium. The protease was a metal-chelator-sensitive serine protease since it was inhibited by 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride while about 80% of its activity inhibited by chelating agents (ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-amino-ethylether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid). The ECP obtained from each medium was not lethal to the groupers suggesting that the bacterium is low virulent. As grouper is carnivorous, therefore, the role of the protease played in the fish intestine probably is competing for nutrients and/or associated with the cause of edema leading to gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Protease and virulence of the extracellular products produced by Vibrio carchariae after growth on various media. 1043 90

Direct isolation and identification of pathogenic viruses from oysters implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks are hampered by inefficient methods for recovering viruses, naturally occurring PCR inhibitors, and low levels of virus contamination. In this study we focused on developing rapid and efficient oyster-processing procedures that can be used for sensitive PCR detection of viruses in raw oysters. Poliovirus type 3 (PV3) Sabin strain was used to evaluate the efficacy of virus recovery and the removal of PCR inhibitors during oyster-processing procedures. These procedures included elution, polyethylene glycol precipitation, solvent extraction, and RNA extraction. Acid adsorption-elution in which glycine buffer (pH 7.5) was used was found to retain fewer inhibitors than direct elution in which glycine buffer (pH 9.5) was used. RNA extraction in which a silica gel membrane was used was more effective than single-step RNA precipitation for removing additional nonspecific PCR inhibitors. The final 10-microl volume of RNA concentrates obtained from 2 g of oyster tissue (concentration factor, 200-fold) was satisfactory for efficient reverse transcription-PCR detection of virus. The overall detection sensitivity of our method was 1 PFU/g of oyster tissue initially seeded with PV3. The method was utilized to investigate a 1998 gastroenteritis outbreak in California in which contaminated oysters were the suspected disease transmission vehicle. A genogroup II Norwalk-like virus was found in two of three recalled oyster samples linked by tags to the harvest dates and areas associated with the majority of cases. The method described here improves the response to outbreaks and can be used for rapid and sensitive detection of viral agents in outbreak-implicated oysters.
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PMID:A method to detect low levels of enteric viruses in contaminated oysters. 1054 75

Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) cause waterborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Standard indicators of a safe water supply do not adequately predict contamination of water by viruses, including HuCVs. We developed a method to concentrate and detect HuCVs in water samples by using a cultivable primate calicivirus (Pan-1) as a model. Viable Pan-1 was seeded in different types of water and then filtered with a 1MDS filter, eluted with beef extract (BE), and reconcentrated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. The viruses in the final samples were tested by plaque assay or by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR following extraction of the RNA with Trizol. Pan-1 was more sensitive to high-pH treatment than poliovirus was; a pH 9.0 BE solution was found to recover 35% more viable Pan-1 than a pH 9.5 BE solution recovered. Pan-1 was recovered from small volumes of deionized, finished, ground, and surface waters at efficiencies of 94, 73, 67, and 64%, respectively, when samples were assayed after elution without further concentration. When larger volumes of water (up to 40 liters) were tested after elution and concentration with PEG, 38, 19, and 14% of the seeded Pan-1 were recovered from finished, ground, and surface waters, respectively. The limit of detection of Pan-1 by RT-PCR was estimated to be 0.75 to 1.5 PFU in 40 liters of finished water. This method may be adapted for monitoring HuCVs in drinking water and other types of water for public health safety.
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PMID:Concentration and detection of caliciviruses in water samples by reverse transcription-PCR. 1101 Aug 87

Outbreaks of gastroenteritis that are suspected to be of viral origin are on the rise. Thus, there is a need for regulatory agencies entrusted with food safety to develop adequate techniques for the detection of viruses in foods. We have established a general procedure for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish that, with minor modifications, is also applicable to fresh produce such as cilantro. Total RNA was isolated from shellfish or cilantro, followed by isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA. Because HAV genomic RNA contains a poly(A) tail, the isolation of poly(A)-containing RNA also enriches HAV genomic RNA. Reverse transcription was used to convert the RNA to cDNA, and then amplification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Reamplification with internal primers was used to improve the quality and the quantity of amplified DNA, allowing for post-PCR analysis such as sequence identification of the viral strain. With this procedure, multiple samples could be analyzed in four working days by a single trained individual. The nominal sensitivity of detection of the procedure was 0.15 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per 0.62 g of tissue with a test virus. The direct RNA isolation protocol avoided pitfalls associated with whole-virus purification procedures by replacing virus precipitation steps involving polyethylene glycol and Procipitate with phenol extraction. The method is straightforward and reliable. We successfully used this procedure to detect naturally occurring HAV in clams involved in a gastroenteritis outbreak, as well as in cilantro artificially contaminated with a test virus.
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PMID:A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of hepatitis A virus in produce and shellfish. 1185 94


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