Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Non-typhi Salmonella spp. are a common cause of gastroenteritis. In patients with a greater risk of bacteremia (those with immunosuppression, cardiovascular abnormalities, prostheses, those older than 50, especially those with atherosclerosis, and neonates) the need for antibiotic treatment may be affected by the presence of resistance. We retrospectively studied the evolution of antibiotic resistance of 917 strains isolated from feces, during the period between January 1992 and May 1998. Resistances of 32.1% to ampicillin, 14.6% to amoxicillin- clavulanic acid, 14.8% to chloramphenicol, 3.5% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 1.8% to gentamicin were found. All the strains were susceptible to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin. There was a distinct increase in the ampicillin resistance (12.9% in 1992 to 52.5% in 1998), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (8.3% in 1992 to 23% in 1998), chloramphenicol (8.3% in 1994 to 23% in 1998) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (0% in 1992 to 6.6% in 1998). The typhimurium serotype showed higher resistance levels than the enteritidis serotype. Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (in children), used as first-choice antibiotics in patients with intestinal infections caused by non-typhi Salmonella spp., show excellent activity in our area.
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PMID:[Susceptibility of non-typhi Salmonella spp. at the Galdakao Hospital (1992-1998)]. 1137 50

A representative sample of 20 isolates of Salmonella weltevreden strains from stool cultures of patients admitted at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were analyzed. All the strains were susceptible to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim, gentamicin and co-trimoxazole. Ribosomal RNA gene restriction pattern analysis of PstI-digested DNA gave three ribotypes while pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of XbaI-digested DNA gave ten distinct profiles. PFGE was more discriminative than ribotyping in distinguishing the strains. The majority of the strains analyzed were very closely related with similarity coefficient values ranging from 0.8 to 1.0. Both PFGE and ribotyping could distinguish one of the strains which was obtained from a patient following a bone marrow transplant for beta-thalassemia major, indicating that this particular strain was unrelated to the rest of the strains from patients with acute gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Application of ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in distinguishing Salmonella weltevreden isolates in Malaysia. 1141 15

We report an outbreak of acute diarrhoea due to Aeromonas sobria in Benghazi which occurred during a 1-month period in 1997. Of 69 patients admitted with acute gastroenteritis, 28 were positive for A. sobria based on the production of gas from glucose, the production of acetoin, hydrogen sulfide and lysine decarboxylase and on aesculin hydrolysis and fermentation of arabinose and salicin. The strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline and gentamicin but resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin. We were unable to trace the source of the infection.
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PMID:An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to Aeromonas sobria in Benghazi, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 1155 43

Over the last 30 years, a number of Vibrio species found in the aquatic environment have been indicated as cause of disease in human beings. Vibrio vulnificus is an emergent pathogen, an invasive and lethal marine bacterium related to wound infection and held accountable for gastroenteritis and primary septicemia. It occurs quite frequently in marine organisms, mainly in mollusks. This study aimed at isolating and identifying strains of V. vulnificus based upon the analysis of twenty samples of seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller), purchased at the Mucuripe fish market (Fortaleza, Brazil). TCBS agar was used to isolate suspect strains. Seven of twenty-nine strains isolated from six different samples were confirmed as such by means of biochemical evidence and thus submitted to biological assays to determine their virulence. The susceptibility of the V. vulnificus strains to a number of antibiotics was tested. None of the V. vulnificus strains showed signs of virulence during a 24-hour observation period, possibly due to the shedding of the capsules by the cells. As to the results of the antimicrobial susceptibility tests, the seven above-mentioned V. vulnificus strains were found to be sensitive to nitrofurantoin (NT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GN) and chloramphenicol (CO) and resistant to clindamycin (CI), penicillin (PN) and ampicillin (AP).
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PMID:Vibrio vulnificus as a health hazard for shrimp consumers. 1169 48

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 129 Campylobacter jejuni strains, isolated from hospitalized children with gastroenteritis, to five antimicrobials, including nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, ampicillin and co-amoxiclav, was determined. Isolates belonged to two time periods: group A contained strains isolated in 1987-1988; and group B 1998-2000. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns differed significantly between the two groups with respect to quinolones, with an increase in the percentage of resistant strains in group B (30.6% versus 0% in group A), whereas erythromycin, ampicillin and co-amoxiclav were effective drugs in both groups.
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PMID:Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from hospitalized children in Athens, Greece. 1200 74

Each year, between April and October, many children of school age and some young adults in Nsukka, Nigeria suffer from gastroenteritis. The period covers the rainy season in this part of Africa, when manured farmland occasionally is flooded. In view of the number of people suffering diarrhoea and occasionally low-grade fever, it became necessary to investigate the nature of the bacterial agents responsible. Between April and October (1996-1998), 500 loose or watery stools were collected from patients, the ages of which ranged from one month to 31 years. Stools that contained parasites were excluded from the study. Samples were cultured on 5% blood agar and 1% egg-yolk agar (both containing 10 microg/mL ampicillin), MacConkey agar, Shigella Salmonella agar and in alkaline peptone water. Bacterial growths were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Drinking water and some fruit and vegetables prevalent during this period of the year also were cultured. Of the 500 stool samples tested, 138 (27.6%) grew a range of organisms including Aeromonas hydrophila (65 [13%]), Salmonella spp. (55 [11%]), Shigella spp. (9 [1.8%]) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (9 [1.8%]). Drinking water and some vegetables grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The highest isolation rate occurred during June and July, corresponding to the period of greatest flooding of arable land. Although no enteropathogens were isolated from the fruit and vegetables examined, they contained E. faecalis--an organism found in faeces. Our findings failed to explain why 72% of the samples grew no bacterial enteropathogens.
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PMID:Bacterial enteropathogens and factors associated with seasonal episodes of gastroenteritis in Nsukka, Nigeria. 1211 7

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacillus that causes meningitis, encephalitis, bacteremia, and febrile gastroenteritis. Most disease occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Recent seroepidemiologic studies show that the infection is foodborne. Due to the increasing number of immunosuppressed individuals at risk for listeriosis, as well as the persistence of substantial foodborne outbreaks, L. monocytogenes has gained worldwide attention as an important pathogen. Heightened surveillance and quality control by the food industry have been instituted, leading to a reduction in the number of cases and deaths from this infection in the past decade. However, due to the ubiquity of the organism in the environment, outbreaks and sporadic disease continue to occur. The standard therapy for listeriosis is a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin or, for patients who are intolerant of b-lactam agents, trimethoprim-sulfamethazole. Despite the availability of therapy, the mortality rate remains high in those with T-cell immunodeficiencies.
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PMID:Update on Listeria monocytogenes infection. 1214 74

In order to shed some light on the different opinions regarding the importance of Salmonella infections in dogs, we gathered some data from our laboratory database. Of the 6589 faecal samples from diarrhoeic dogs examined, 69 (1%) yielded Salmonella spp. Another eleven isolates were cultured from materials other than faeces. If Salmonella spp. can be cultured directly from faeces, this should be interpreted as clinically significant; however, even if the organism is found only after enrichment it may still be a clinical case. Antibiotic therapy is indicated in all dogs that are severely ill or have systemic infection, fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim/sulphonamides being drugs of choice. Double-blind placebo-controlled studies of humans with gastroenteritis have shown that the length of postconvalescent excretion of Salmonella is not affected by antimicrobials. For the elimination of the carrier state, however, fluoroquinolones are successful in human medicine. Salmonellae are zoonotic agents and transmission from dog to man has been reported. This should be taken into account when deciding on antimicrobial therapy. Of our isolates (n = 80), 96% were susceptible to enrofloxacin, 94% to trimethoprim/sulphonamides, 94% to gentamicin, 86% to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 47% to cephalexin and 63% to tetracycline.
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PMID:[Salmonella enteritis in dogs, not relevant?]. 1249 70

Shigella sonnei is a significant cause of gastroenteritis in both developing and industrialized countries. Definition of the diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. sonnei isolates may be helpful in the management of individual cases and outbreaks. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed with 67 isolates of S. sonnei predominantly (n = 59) from three counties in the west of Ireland. Phage typing (n = 17), plasmid profiling (n = 28), and integron analysis (n = 24) were performed with subsets of strains. PFGE typing permitted recognition of two major clusters: PFGE type A (n = 53) and PFGE type B (n = 14). PFGE type A was associated with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides (51 of 53 isolates), and those that were phage typed (n = 6) were phage type 3. PFGE type B was associated with resistance to streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and trimethoprim (11 of 14 isolates) and phage type 6 (9 of 11 isolates). Fifteen different plasmid profiles were identified among the 28 isolates analyzed. A class 2 integron was present in all 14 PFGE type B isolates. One of these isolates also contained a class 1 integron and showed a unique variant of the PFGE type B pattern. Sequence analysis of the gene cassette structures contained within these integrons identified distinct open reading frames that encoded determinants of resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, and streptothricin. Our data demonstrate two predominant PFGE types among S. sonnei isolates circulating in this region. The limited diversity of the S. sonnei isolates in this region means that detection of isolates indistinguishable by PFGE and according to their antibiograms in two or more patients is not persuasive evidence of a common-source food- or waterborne outbreak. Indistinguishable plasmid profiles in addition to indistinguishable PFGE and antibiogram types may be more suggestive of an epidemiologically relevant link between cases.
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PMID:Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Shigella sonnei isolates from western Ireland, an area of low incidence of infection. 1273 27

People of northern Pakistan face health hazards because of poor sanitation practices. Bacterial gastrointestinal infections are very common, and sometimes outbreaks occur. The present study was aimed at evaluating and analyzing infestation of Shigella spp. in patients with suspected gastroenteritis and ascertaining the status of antibiotic therapy. Five hundred and eighty-five faecal samples of patients with suspected gastroenteritis, referred to the District Headquarter Hospital Gilgit, were investigated for common enteropathogenic bacteria from July 1997 to September 1999. Seventy-seven (13.2%) of the faecal specimens were infected with different strains of Shigella spp., 61% of which were Shigella dysenteriae, 15.6% were S. flexneri, and 23.4% were Shigella sp. All Shigella strains were sensitive to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin. Sixty-one percent of the strains were resistant to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol, and 3.9% to ampicillin and nalidixic acid, while 10.4% were resistant to ampicillin alone and 14.3% to chloramphenicol only. Only 10.4% of the strains were sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. Sixty strains of Shigella spp. were processed for isolation of plasmids, and 58 (97%) of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria harboured at least one plasmid. The number of plasmids varied from 1 to 9. Escherichia coli C600 were transformed with the isolated plasmids. Transformants, containing 23-kb plasmid, resisted growth in media containing antibiotics, thereby indicating that antibiotic resistance is plasmid-borne. Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the infestation of Shigella spp. is high in northern Pakistan, the aetiological agents are highly resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin, and the antibiotic resistance is mediated by the 23-kb plasmid.
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PMID:Aetiology of shigellosis in northern Pakistan. 1275 72


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