Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Salmonella typhimurium isolated in Bombay from fecal samples of 145 patients suffering from gastroenteritis (group 1) and from the cerebrospinal fluid, feces, or blood of 42 patients with systemic salmonellosis (group 2) were examined for the antimicrobial resistance and incompatibility groups of their R plasmids. Multiple drug resistance was encountered in 88.9% of the isolates from group 1 and in all the isolates from group 2. The resistance found was mainly against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. In addition to these resistances, a number of isolates were also resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and gentamicin. The overall isolation frequency of strains resistant to these last drugs was significantly higher in group 2. The drug resistance in 95.3% of the isolates from group 1 and in all the isolates from group 2 was plasmid mediated. Incompatibility grouping of the R plasmids and phage typing of the isolates indicated that a clone of S. typhimurium with phage type pattern 66/122/untypable carrying Tra- IncF1me, Tra- Inc1, and Tra- Inc2 plasmids was most prevalent in Bombay from 1978 to 1980, and examples of this clone, especially those resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and gentamicin, were most often responsible for severe septicemic infection. A majority of the remaining S. typhimurium isolates were untypable and harbored plasmids of groups IncC, IncF1me, IncFII, IncH1, IncH2, IncI1 and IncI2; these isolates were rarely associated with systemic infection.
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PMID:Antimicrobial resistance and incompatibility groups of R plasmids in Salmonella typhimurium isolated from human sources in Bombay from 1978 to 1980. 633 20

During a one-year period, 315 of 5,397 children admitted to the general pediatric wards of a hospital had bacteremia. The commonest causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, Hemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli. Most episodes of bacteremia were associated with gastroenteritis, pneumonia, or meningitis. Seventy-eight episodes occurred in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition, and 46 episodes were hospital acquired. The overall case fatality rate was 23.2%, being highest in children with severe malnutrition and in those with other underlying conditions. The high proportion of bacteremias due to S pneumoniae and S enteritidis possibly reflects infections occurring in a lower socioeconomic group living in a temperate climate in crowded conditions. The most appropriate antimicrobial therapy for children who have suspected bacteremia in association with gastroenteritis or severe malnutrition is a combination of ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate.
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PMID:Bacteremia in hospitalized black South African children. A one-year study emphasizing nosocomial bacteremia and bacteremia in severely malnourished children. 637 39

The recovery of Aeromonas spp. from the unchlorinated water supply for a Western Australian city of 21,000 people was monitored at several sampling points during a period of 1 year. Membrane filtration techniques were used to count colonies of Aeromonas spp., coliforms, and Escherichia coli in water sampled before entry to service reservoirs, during storage in service reservoirs, and in distribution systems. Aeromonas spp. were identified by subculture on blood agar with ampicillin, oxidase tests, and the use of Kaper medium and then were tested for production of enterotoxins and hemolysins. During the same period, two-thirds of all fecal specimens sent for microbiological examination were cultured on ampicillin-blood agar for Aeromonas spp. Recovery of Aeromonas spp. from water supplies at distribution points correlated with fecal isolations and continued during autumn and winter. Coliforms and E. coli were found most commonly in late summer to autumn. This pattern differs from the summer peak of Aeromonas isolations both from water and from patients with Aeromonas spp.-associated gastroenteritis in Perth, Western Australia, a city with a chlorinated domestic water supply. Of the Aeromonas strains from water, 61% were enterotoxigenic, and 64% produced hemolysins.
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PMID:Isolation of Aeromonas spp. from an unchlorinated domestic water supply. 648 83

Endocarditis and mycotic aneurysm of the great blood vessels are two serious complications of non-typhoidal salmonella gastroenteritis. Two patients are presented, the first with endocarditis due to S. dublin cured by combined treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin, the second with a fatal aneurysm of the aorta caused by Salmonella infantis. Salmonella endocarditis, particularly with left-sided cardiac involvement, has an especially poor prognosis. Survival is rare without surgery. Chemotherapy should consist of a synergistic combination such as ampicillin with an aminoglycoside for a period of 4-6 weeks. Mycotic aneurysm generally results from haematogenous infection of a previously damaged arteriosclerotic vessel. Salmonella spp. cause approximately 20% of all mycotic aneurysms and there is some evidence to suggest that their role is increasing. Repeatedly positive blood cultures in spite of antimicrobial treatment in an elderly patient should raise the suspicion of an endovascular localisation of the infection. Rapid surgical intervention and appropriate chemotherapy are needed before rupture takes place.
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PMID:Salmonella infections of the mitral valve and abdominal aorta. 654 64

A Salmonella agona strain has caused a hospital outbreak of gastroenteritis in a pediatric unit in Rio de Janeiro. It bears two plasmids, a small (6.5 MDa molecular weight) plasmid coding for type B colicin production and a larger one (36 MDa molecular weight) determining resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The R-plasmid, but not the Col-plasmid, is self-transferable to a Escherichia coli recipient strain. Curing for the R-plasmid was achieved by treatment with 0.05% SDS followed by incubation at 44 degrees C. It has not been possible to cure the S. agona strain for its Col-plasmid.
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PMID:Identification of multiple-resistance (R) and colicinogeny (Col) plasmids in an epidemic Salmonella agona serotype in Rio de Janeiro. 674 88

During 1981, we treated 20 infants, less than 24 months old, for nontyphoid Salmonella (NTSal) gastroenteritis (GE). Blood cultures were obtained in 17 cases, and Salmonella bacteremia was demonstrated in 8 (47%). Of the 13 children 3 to 24 months of age, 7 (54%) had positive blood cultures. One child (8 months old) appeared septic. The patients with bacteremia were treated with parenteral ampicillin. All 20 infants recovered, and no focal infectious complications occurred. The incidence of bacteremia in NTSal GE is highest in children under 2 years of age. Previous reports have shown that the peak incidence occurs among infants less than 3 months of age. An infant with Salmonella bacteremia may be afebrile and show no symptoms of sepsis. In most cases, bacteremia is transient and does not alter the course of NTSal GE, but it may result in life-threatening complications such as septicemia and meningitis. Therefore we believe an infant with NTSal GE under 3 months old should have a blood culture and receive antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:Treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis in infants. The significance of bacteremia. 688 90

After oral therapy with ampicillin for an unrelated disorder, two patients developed gastroenteritis with an ampicillin-resistant strain of Shigella sonnei. Both patients recovered after treatment with antimicrobial agents to which the Shigella was susceptible by in vitro testing.
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PMID:Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis after oral ampicillin therapy for an unrelated disorder. 700 28

Hospital outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis caused by multi-resistant Salmonella typhimurium have occurred in a number of cities throughout India since 1977. The strains involved belong to phage types 66 or 122, or are untypable; the latter are derived from types 66 or 122 by acquisition of one or more of a number of temperate bacteriophages. Types 66 and 122 are closely related and react with the same phages of the S. typhimurium typing scheme. A plasmid belonging to compatibility group F1me encoding resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, spectinomycin, tetracyclines, gentamicin and trimethoprim (R-type ACKSSuSpTGTm) is present in all of the multi-resistant strains. Several other plasmids have been identified including an SSu resistance determinant, a group I2 transfer factor and an R factor coding for resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphonamides which is compatible with plasmids of all the standard compatibility groups. These plasmids are only present in a proportion of the strains examined. Examination of strains from other sources has identified a paediatric hospital outbreak in Saudi Arabia and a number of sporadic infections in Great Britain which have been caused by the same organisms. These studies show that, despite differences in phage type and plasmid content, this group of strains belongs to a single clone which has become widespread in India with some extension to other countries.
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PMID:Characterization of resistance plasmids and carried phages in an epidemic clone of multi-resistant Salmonella typhimurium in India. 703 47

During a 2-year prospective study of children hospitalized with gastroenteritis, shigellosis was detected in 66 cases (9 per cent of 726 admissions). The age group for peak shigella incidence was 1-4 years. The incidence increased from 8 per cent in 1991, to 11 per cent in 1992. Shigella flexneri was the most common isolate (65 per cent), followed by Shigella sonnei (17 per cent), Shigella boydi (11 per cent), and Shigella dysenteriae (7 per cent). At presentation, 44 per cent had watery diarrhoea, followed by dysentery during hospitalization in the majority of cases. Seizures occurred in 27 per cent of cases and preceded diarrhoea in 15 per cent. Most Shigella flexneri and dysenteriae strains were resistant to co-trimoxazole, ampicillin, tetracyclin, and chloramphenicol. Nalidixic acid, gentamicin and cefotaxime were the most effective antibacterial agents. Case fatality was 3 per cent associated with strains resistant to the antibiotics used initially in the treatment.
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PMID:Shigellosis in Jordanian children: a clinico-epidemiologic prospective study and susceptibility to antibiotics. 785 41

Cryptolepine is the main alkaloid of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter, a plant used in traditional medicine in West Africa. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cryptolepine, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta root were determined for 65 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, 41 strains of Campylobacter coli isolated from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in Portugal and 86 strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from patients with enteric infections in Angola, Brazil and Portugal. The ethanol extract activity against Campylobacter strains (MIC90% = 25 micrograms/ml) is higher than that of co-trimoxazole and sulfamethoxazole and Campylobacter strains susceptibility for cryptolepine (MIC90% = 12.5 micrograms/ml) is equal for ampicillin. The ethanol extract and cryptolepine show some activity against the Vibrio cholerae strains, although their activities are lower than that of tetracycline. The results suggest that these roots could be a therapeutic alternative for bacterial etiologic diarrhoea in West Africa.
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PMID:Cryptolepis sanguinolenta activity against diarrhoeal bacteria. 785 67


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