Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of antibiotics in viral diseases of childhood is discussed. If bacterial infection is likely, either as superinfection or as part of the differential diagnosis, then antibiotics should be given. The antibiotic of choice for each illness is considered. Respiratory infections are common. The diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis is compared with viral pharyngitis. Penicillin is indicated if the bacterial infection is possible. If there is difficulty in distinguishing between croup and epiglottitis, then chloramphenicol or ampicillin should be given. Otitis media and pneumonia caused by viruses are difficult to differentiate from their bacterial counterparts, and antibiotics are indicated. By contrast, antibiotics are not used in bronchiolitis or asthma. Antibiotics are contraindicated in gastroenteritis even if caused by bacteria. Prolongation of the carrier state or superinfection may then occur. Interpretation of the biochemical and bacteriological findings of the cerebrospinal fluid is important in distinguishing viral meningitis and encephalitis from bacterial meningitis. If bacterial meningitis is possible, then antibiotics should be used. The indications for antibiotics in viral diseases of the skin, eye, joints, heart and parotid are also discussed.
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PMID:Antibiotics: their true place in the treatment of viral disease. 66 65

Acute bacterial infections are a common cause of pediatric visits to the emergency department. The diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis, otitis media, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, acute bacterial lymphadenitis and gastroenteritis are reviewed. The authors propose the use of a limited number of antibiotic agents including penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, cephalexin, a sulfonamide and tetracycline to improve efficiency and quality of care and to allow physicians to become familar with the drugs' characteristics, indications, dosage and side effects.
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PMID:Common childhood bacterial infections. 93 94

In vitro studies indicates that the constitutents of the drug combination co-trimoxazole are synergistic against Salmonella and effective against shigella isolated from children ill with gastroenteritis. The drug is well absorbed in children with gastroenteritis due to a variety of causes and is distributed, excreted and metabolized in a manner similar to that seen in normal adult volunteers. The drug is tolerated well by children with gastroenteritis even in very high dosages. Despite its in vitro and pharmacokinetic advantages, co-trimoxazole was not any more efficient than any other durg or no therapy in the treatment of salmonella gastroenteritis; it seems to have a role, however, in the treatment of typhoid fever and may be life-saving in patients infected with ampicillin- and chloramphenical-resistant strains. It is also effective in the treatment of shigella gastroenteritis and is recommended where ampicillin-resistant strains are encountered. Its potential usefulenss for the treatment of other bacterial causes of gastroenteritis in children must be evaluated by further controlled therapeutic trials.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of gastroenteritis in children. 103 7

A study on 25 hospitalized children with salmonellosis in the two forms of typhoid fever and gastroenteritis is reported. It confirms the higher incidence of gastroenteritic forms under the age of 3 years, and of typhoid fever in older children. We verify the limited value of the white cell count and the enlargement of the spleen. An appraisal of the serologic tests is made. The direct relationship between group D salmonella and typhoid fever form is pointed out. Finally we analyze the action of ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, due to the current appearance of resistances to antibiotics.
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PMID:[Typhoid fever and Salmonella gastroenteritis in children (author's transl)]. 121 93

Salmonella-induced enteritis is a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The frequency of different Salmonella serotypes in different areas varies according to time and locality. The prevalence of different Salmonella serotypes in Yanbu area was studied in 136 stool cultures from patients admitted with gastroenteritis, to the medical ward of Royal Commission Hospital in the period 1/6/1991 to 30/10/1991. Fifteen different Salmonella serotypes were determined among 31 positive Salmonella isolates and all were of the gastroenteric group, diarrhoeagenic but noninvasive. The most common serotype was S. typhimurium (45.16%) followed by S. enteritidis (9.62%) then S. virchow (6.46%). Other forms of Salmonella were isolated from one patient each 3.23%, S. paratyphi B java, S. heidelberg, S. livingstone, S. infantis, S. bovis morbificans, S. corvallis, S. eastbourne, S. give, S. senftenberg, S. poona, S. adelaide, and S. johannesburg. Saudi patients comprised about 71% and 29% were patients of four different nationalities. Antibiograms of these cultures proved to be all sensitive to norfloxacin with different forms of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim. Norfloxacin proved to be effective in the treatment of resistant forms of Salmonella with negligible side effects and wide safety range.
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PMID:Salmonella-induced enteritis. Clinical, serotypes and treatment. 129 67

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was isolated from 2.7% of 2983 children under 3 years of age with diarrhoea in Singapore. Of the nine serotypes identified, the most common were 0126:K71(B16), 086:K61(B7) and 0127:K63(B8). Infants were at the greatest risk of contracting gastroenteritis due to EPEC, and female children were slightly more susceptible than males. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the EPEC strains were generally resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and triple sulpha, but highly sensitive to ceftriaxone and gentamicin.
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PMID:Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as a cause of diarrhoea among children in Singapore. 140 57

Salmonella typhimurium S24 was isolated in September 1986 at Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, from a patient suffering from gastroenteritis during an outbreak of salmonellosis. Two conjugative R-plasmids have been isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 14R525, which was mated with S. typhimurium S24. The two R-plasmids found in S. typhimurium S24 belong to two different incompatibility (Inc) groups: the 130-kilobase IncFI plasmid pST1 and the 56-kb IncN plasmid pST2. These two R-plasmids of pST1 and pST2 together mediate resistance to multiple antibiotics in S. typhimurium S24. By DNA probes hybridization, plasmid pST1 was shown to carry an enteric type II chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, a class C tetracycline resistance (TetR) gene and a type III dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene, all of which confer resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim respectively. A Richmond's type III beta-lactamase gene was located on each plasmid of pST1 and pST2. beta-lactamases specified by both plasmids pST1 and pST2 conferred high level resistance to amoxicillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, sulbenicillin, ticarcillin in addition to ampicillin. A novel aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase [AAC(6')] was demonstrated on plasmid pST2. This AAC(6') enzyme modified kanamycin, amikacin, dibekacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, netilmicin, sisomicin, butirosin and ribostamycin.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of R-plasmids pST1 and pST2 from Salmonella typhimurium S24. 143 39

The role of shigella infection in childhood gastroenteritis was studied over a 2-year period. Shigella species were found in the faecal specimens of 70 (1%) of 7369 children with gastroenteritis, but in only 1 (0.1%) of 1130 controls. S. flexneri was the commonest isolate (51%), followed by S. sonnei (37%). Most shigella species were isolated during the winter. The prevalence of shigellosis was highest for children 1-5 years of age but equal for both sexes. Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and bloody diarrhoea were the predominant clinical features. Of the shigella isolates, 73% were resistant to cotrimoxazole, 43% to ampicillin, and 41% to chloramphenicol. One-third of isolates were resistant to greater than or equal to 3 antibiotics. All isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid. The illness was mild and self-limiting and most patients recovered without antimicrobial therapy.
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PMID:The relative importance of Shigella in the aetiology of childhood gastroenteritis in Saudi Arabia. 150 39

From May 1985 through July 1990, 28 episodes of Vibrio vulnificus infection in 27 patients were encountered in five major hospitals in Taiwan. The ages of patients ranged from 19 to 76 years; the ratio of male to female patients was 2:1. Eighteen episodes manifested as bacteremia and eight as wound infections alone. One patient each developed gastroenteritis and pneumonia after nearly drowning. Twenty-three patients exhibited skin manifestations. Twenty patients had underlying diseases. All patients were treated with antibiotics, and 14 also underwent some form of surgical treatment (incision and drainage, fasciotomy, debridement, or amputation). Thirteen of the 28 episodes were preceded by precipitating factors; most were due to ingestion of seafood or exposure of abraded skin to salt water. Ten of the 18 septicemic patients died--most within 48 hours of hospitalization. One patient without bacteremia who had a wound infection died. Results of in vitro susceptibility studies suggested that ampicillin or a third-generation cephalosporin would be effective. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was observed for greater than 90% of isolates. We recommend combined therapy with a third-generation cephalosporin or ampicillin and an aminoglycoside along with appropriate surgical therapy for the treatment of V. vulnificus infection.
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PMID:Vibrio vulnificus infection in Taiwan: report of 28 cases and review of clinical manifestations and treatment. 145 57

We have investigated the usefulness of ribotyping for the differentiation of aeromonads isolated from five patients with gastroenteritis and from the source water, treatment plant, and distribution system of a small public water supply. Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae were isolated from fecal specimens preserved in Cary-Blair transport medium by using blood ampicillin agar or alkaline peptone water (pH 8.4) subcultured to blood ampicillin agar plates. A. hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and A. caviae were isolated from duplicate 100-ml water samples by the membrane filter technique by using ampicillin dextrin agar for quantitative determination of growth and alkaline peptone water enrichment for detection of the presence or absence of aeromonads below the detection limit of the membrane filter method. In addition, free chlorine residuals and pH values were determined for all water samples and heterotrophic plate counts and total and fecal coliform analyses were performed on them. Ribotyping patterns of aeromonads recovered from well 1, detention basin, sand filter, softener, and distribution samples were compared with those of the five clinical isolates. All patient strains were unique; however, identical ribotypes of A. hydrophila and A. sobria isolated from multiple sites in the water system indicated colonization of a well, sand filters, and the softener, with the potential for sporadic contamination of distribution water. Plant operational deficiencies were noted and corrected. Ribotyping can effectively differentiate otherwise indistinguishable strains of bacteria, thus providing a powerful tool for investigation of waterborne diseases and bacteriological problems within water treatment plants and distribution systems.
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PMID:Application of ribotyping for differentiating aeromonads isolated from clinical and environmental sources. 162 69


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