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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pyogenic meningitis occurred in 6 infants in the course of chronic gastroenteritis, in 5 of whom a normal CSF had been recorded earlier in the illness. Clinical signs of meningitis were often absent. The problems of diagnosis and management and of possible predisposition to pneumococcal meningitis in children suffering from chronic gastroenteritis are discussed.
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PMID:Pyogenic meningitis in chronic gastroenteritis and marasmus. 40 20

Twenty five isolates of S. typhimurium from clinical specimens were studied for markers of virulence. Three of five isolates from blood, both isolates from CSF and urine and only two of fifteen isolates from faeces were positive for fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loop. All these strains produced an enterotoxic principle, antigenically related to cholera coli family of enterotoxins, as detected by latex agglutination and immuno-dot-blot tests. Polymyxin-B treated 6 h cultures yielded the best toxin. All 5 blood isolates, both CSF isolates and one of the two urine isolates showed low LD50 indicating high virulence. The study thus revealed that some strains of S. typhimurium are more virulent and produce more enterotoxins. These strains invade the intestinal mucosa potently and lead to extra-intestinal manifestations. The low virulent strains, on the other hand, are confined to the intestine and cause mild/moderate gastroenteritis. Enzyme assays were done in 5 representative strains of good, moderate and low toxin producers. Catalase and superoxide dismutase assays did not show any correlation with toxin production, thus suggesting that the enzyme production is unlikely to be a reliable indicator of the virulence for S. typhimurium.
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PMID:Enterotoxin production & mouse virulence of clinical isolates of Salmonella typhimurium strains. 193 94

Ninety patients (41 males, 49 females) with a diagnosis of meningitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), gastroenteritis or other miscellaneous gram-negative infections were enrolled. Their ages ranged from 7 days to 10 years, with a mean age of 4 months. 58 (63%) patients had an etiology confirmed by either positive culture (52; 89%) or latex agglutination (6; 10%). 41 of these patients had meningitis diagnosed by positive CSE culture (38) or by positive CSF latex agglutination (3); 27/41 patients also had positive blood cultures. Aztreonam MIC100 for 27 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, all ampicillin-sensitive, was 0.19 micrograms/ml; 4 Salmonella sp., 1 Neisseria meningitidis and 1 Serratia marcescens isolates were inhibited by 0.19 micrograms/ml, and the MIC100 for 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 1 Proteus vulgaris and 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were 0.045 and 0.19, 0.022 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Aztreonam in the treatment of gram-negative meningitis and other gram-negative infections. 273 48

In 108 children admitted to the Maternity and Children's Hospital, Riyadh with their first febrile convulsion, clinical course, management and underlying causes were analysed. There was a preponderance of boys (69%) and a mean age of 18.6 months with a peak incidence (82%) between six months and three years. The commonest precipitating conditions were upper respiratory infection and gastroenteritis. Physical findings were confined to those of the primary disease. Routine investigations, including CSF analysis were not helpful. Convulsions were mainly of the simple type, single and symmetrical, and did not last for more than 30 minutes. Two thirds of the children reached hospital within two hours of the onset of their first convulsion, and the remainder up to ten hours after the convulsion had ceased. In only 18 patients did the parents take measures to lower the temperature or revive the child. Management of febrile convulsions is discussed. Since the condition is common and, if repeated, may have serious effects, methods of educating parents are suggested.
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PMID:The first febrile convulsion: an analysis of 108 children in Saudi Arabia. 619 23

Ceftazidime (CAZ) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in 31 children. Of the 25 confirmed bacterial infections, 23 were cured by the CAZ therapy (efficacy rate, 92%). CAZ was assessed as effective in acute pharyngitis with vomiting (4), acute laryngitis (1), pneumonia (8), urinary tract infections (5), acute gastroenteritis (1), infection accompanying acute leukemia (septicemia suspected) (1), acute purulent meningitis (2) and abscess of the lateral cervical cyst (1). The main pathogens which responded to CAZ were H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. As adverse events, mild melena with prolonged prothrombin time (1) was found to be associated with the CAZ therapy. Half-life of the CAZ serum level was 0.97 +/- 0.10 hours, and urinary excretion was high. Penetration into the CSF in 2 cases of acute purulent meningitis was satisfactory. The data suggest that CAZ is a safe and effective injectable antibiotic when used in children with infections of CAZ-susceptible bacteria including P. aeruginosa.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of ceftazidime in the treatment of pediatric infections]. 637 50

We studied serum osmolality in 167 consecutive infants admitted for gastroenteritis with 5% or more dehydration. Osmolality was determined by the freezing-point method in a 0.2-mL sample of serum immediately on admission. Forty-one patients (24.6%) had hypo-osmolar dehydration, with a mean osmolality of 257 mOsm/kg (range, 234 to 270 mOsm/kg). Eleven patients (6.5%) had hyperosmolar dehydration, with a mean osmolality of 329 mOsm/kg (range, 312 to 369 mOsm/kg). Simultaneous serum and CSF osmolalities were determined in 14 patients with hypo-osmolar and eight with hyperosmolar dehydration. In patients with hyperosmolar dehydration, serum osmolality correlated well with CSF osmolality, but a poor correlation was seen between serum and CSF sodium levels. Convulsions occurred in two patients in whom the CSF osmolality was greater than the serum osmolality by more than 10 mOsm/kg. Convulsions also occurred in two patients with hypo-osmolar dehydration in whom the CSF osmolality was lower than the serum osmolality by more than 13 mOsm/kg.
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PMID:Osmolar relationships in infantile dehydration. 729 2

In recent years, Aeromonas species has been reported to cause extraintestinal infections with a growing frequency. Meningitis due to Aeromonas species is, however, a rare entity. We report a case of aeromonas meningitis in a 54-year-old man with a history of chronic alcoholic liver disease who, after an episode of gastroenteritis, developed an acute clinical picture characteristic of meningitis with septic shock and ecthyma gangrenosum. Aeromonas veronii (biogroup sobria) was isolated from cultures of blood as well as from cultures of stool, peritoneal fluid, skin lesion, and CSF specimens (obtained by lumbar puncture). Our review of seven additional cases of aeromonas meningitis in the world literature revealed that this condition is generally secondary to metastatic dissemination from primary bacteremia. Aeromonas meningitis, which may or may not be preceded by gastroenteritis, presents clinically as bacterial meningitis, although the presence of skin lesions may increase suspicion of the diagnosis. Third-generation cephalosporins are probably the therapy of choice for patients with aeromonas meningitis.
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PMID:Meningitis due to Aeromonas species: case report and review. 811 Sep 31

Eosinophils may be prominent in intestinal diseases including allergic gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, enteritis associated with hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES), and parasitic diseases. Unlike normal blood eosinophils, those that circulate in HES and those that infiltrate inflamed tissue exhibit an "activated" phenotype. To model intestinal epithelial-eosinophil interactions, we used peripheral blood eosinophils and human crypt-like T84 epithelial cell-line monolayers. Eosinophils from normal, mildly atopic donors, only if activated by PMA or primed with granulocyte-macrophage-CSF for 48 h, as well as eosinophils from HES patients elicited a short circuit current when applied apically to T84 monolayers. This eosinophil-derived bioactivity, which was transferable in cell-free supernatants and in < 1000 m.w. ultrafiltrates, stimulated electrogenic Cl- secretion, as indicated by inhibition with basolateral bumetanide or gluconate substitution and by enhancement of the rate constant for 125I efflux from preloaded T84 cells. This secretagogue activity was blocked in both intact activated eosinophils and in eosinophil-conditioned supernatants, by 8-phenyl-theophylline, indicating involvement of an adenosine receptor. Ion exchange and reversed-phase HPLC analyses demonstrated that eosinophil supernatant ultrafiltrates contained elevated levels of 5'-AMP that was converted to adenosine after incubation with epithelium. Inhibition of epithelial apical membrane ecto-5'-nucleotidase ablated the conversion to adenosine. These studies establish that activated eosinophils elicit Cl- secretion from intestinal epithelial and that 5'-AMP released by eosinophils followed by its conversion to adenosine at the epithelial surface is the basis for this response.
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PMID:Activated eosinophils evoke chloride secretion in model intestinal epithelia primarily via regulated release of 5'-AMP. 822 57

Rotavirus is the most important worldwide cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Intestinal epithelial cells are the principal targets of rotavirus infection, but the response of enterocytes to rotavirus infection is largely unknown. We determined that rotavirus infection of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells results in prompt activation of NF-kappaB (<2 h), STAT1, and ISG F3 (3 h). Genetically inactivated rotavirus and virus-like particles assembled from baculovirus-expressed viral proteins also activated NF-kappaB. Rotavirus infection of HT-29 cells induced mRNA for several C-C and C-X-C chemokines as well as IFNs and GM-CSF. Mice infected with simian rotavirus or murine rotavirus responded similarly with the enhanced expression of a profile of C-C and C-X-C chemokines. The rotavirus-stimulated increase in chemokine mRNA was undiminished in mice lacking mast cells or lymphocytes. Rotavirus induced chemokines only in mice <15 days of age despite documented infection in older mice. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta and IFN-stimulated protein 10 mRNA responses occurred, but were reduced in p50-/- mice. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta expression during rotavirus infection localized to the intestinal epithelial cell in murine intestine. These results show that the intestinal epithelial cell is an active component of the host response to rotavirus infection.
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PMID:The epithelial cell response to rotavirus infection. 1051 Mar 86

7 cases of listeriosis were diagnosed here between 1988-1997 (6 in last 3 years), or 2.94/100,000 admissions. 2 elderly patients suffered from meningitis and 2 pregnant women presented with premature contractions, 1 of whom delivered a premature, infected baby. 2 other patients had fever and gastroenteritis. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from blood in 4, CSF in 2 and the placenta in 1. It was isolated from those with bacterial meningitis. All patients recovered. Both increased awareness for prevention and better diagnosis are essential to reduce morbidity from this unusual pathogen.
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PMID:[Listeria monocytogenes infections--ten years' experience]. 1095 37


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