Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Pivot Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Target Concepts:
Gene/Protein
Disease
Symptom
Drug
Enzyme
Compound
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (
gastroenteritis
)
11,398
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
Community-wide outbreaks of shigellosis are a persistent public health problem. We evaluated the effect of a household-based intervention program on the control of an urban outbreak of S. sonnei
gastroenteritis
. During the intervention we attempted to contact all households with culture-confirmed S. sonnei and provide education in methods to prevent spread of Shigella. Subsequently we conducted a survey of intervention (n = 43) and nonintervention (n = 33) households. We also conducted a serosurvey of children three to five years of age. The number of new cases of S. sonnei infection declined steadily over several months after the intervention began. Members of the intervention households were more knowledgeable about handwashing (rate ratio [RR] 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1-10.8) and others methods of S. sonnei transmission and control than members of nonintervention households. However, intervention households had higher attack rates of Shigella-associated diarrhea in susceptible household members (RR 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-2.0). During the intervention we were able to contact only 25% of households by the eighth day after onset of diarrhea in the index case, when 90% of intrahousehold transmission of Shigella had already occurred. Two months after the outbreak ended, 42% of children in the outbreak community had elevated antibody titers against S. sonnei; an additional 19% had borderline elevated titers. The intervention program improved knowledge but may have occurred too late to prevent intrahousehold transmission of Shigella.
Exhaustion
of susceptible hosts, rather than the education program, likely accounted for the decline in shigellosis cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
...
PMID:Evaluation of an intervention program in the control of an urban outbreak of shigellosis. 179 35
Measles is characterized by a transient immune suppression, leading to an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Measles virus (MV) infection of immune cells is mediated by the cellular receptor CD150, expressed by subsets of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and thymocytes. Previous studies showed that human and nonhuman primate memory T cells express higher levels of CD150 than naive cells and are more susceptible to MV infection. However, limited information is available about the CD150 expression and relative susceptibility to MV infection of B-cell subsets. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets from human peripheral blood or tonsils to
in vitro
MV infection. Our study demonstrates that naive and memory B cells express CD150, but at lower frequencies than memory T cells. Nevertheless, both naive and memory B cells proved to be highly permissive to MV infection. Furthermore, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of various functionally distinct T and B cells, such as helper T (T
H
) cell subsets and IgG- and IgA-positive memory B cells, in peripheral blood and tonsils. We demonstrated that T
H
1T
H
17 cells and plasma and germinal center B cells were the subsets most susceptible and permissive to MV infection. Our study suggests that both naive and memory B cells, along with several other antigen-experienced lymphocytes, are important target cells of MV infection. Depletion of these cells potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of measles immune suppression.
IMPORTANCE
Measles is associated with immune suppression and is often complicated by bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, or
gastroenteritis
. Measles virus infects antigen-presenting cells and T and B cells, and depletion of these cells may contribute to lymphopenia and immune suppression. Measles has been associated with follicular
exhaustion
in lymphoid tissues in humans and nonhuman primates, emphasizing the importance of MV infection of B cells
in vivo
However, information on the relative susceptibility of B-cell subsets is scarce. Here, we compared the susceptibility and permissiveness to
in vitro
MV infection of human naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood or tonsils. Our results demonstrate that both naive and memory B cells are more permissive to MV infection than T cells. The highest infection levels were detected in plasma cells and germinal center B cells, suggesting that infection and depletion of these populations contribute to reduced host resistance.
...
PMID:
In Vitro
Measles Virus Infection of Human Lymphocyte Subsets Demonstrates High Susceptibility and Permissiveness of both Naive and Memory B Cells. 2943 64
