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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to a recently identified viral enteritis which is highly contagious and seems both common and universal. In this disease, virus invades the upper intestinal epithelium, causing acute diarrhoea with early fever and vomiting. We studied a similar disease in pigs, infecting three-week-old animals with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE), which also invades the upper intestinal epithelium. In this model, diarrhoea is massive 16-40 hours after infection, when stools contain increased electrolytes but no excess of sugar. In the jejunum of intact pigs at the 40-hour stage we found altered Na+ and water flux, decreased mucosal activities of disaccharidases and Na+, K+-ATPase, but normal adenylate cyclase activity. At the same stage the response of Na+ flux to glucose was blunted in jejunal epithelium studied in Ussing short-circuit chambers and in suspensions of villous cells; Cl- flux responded normally to theophylline, and thymidine kinase and sucrase activities of cells isolated from jejunal villi were similar to those found in crypt cells. Probably by 40 hours after infection most virus has been shed from the mucosa. Viral diarrhoea clearly differs from enterotoxigenic diarrhoea. Consideration of its pathogenesis must take into account the dynamic nature of the mucosal epithelium and the factors governing differentiation of enterocytes as they migrate from crypt to villus. Sufficient information is available now to characterize one specific and apparently prevalent viral enteritis in man and to identify additional viral enteritides. There is hope that preventative therapy can be developed. Our understanding of the mechanisms of viral diarrhoea is limited, but the availability of an animal model and the promise of others makes us optimistic that these deficiencies can be remedied. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of viral diarrhoea should better the active therapy of affected infants and children.
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PMID:Viral gastroenteritis: recent progress, remaining problems. 104 55

A nursery outbreak of gastroenteritis casued by Escherichia coli 0142/K86/H6 is described. Over a period of nine months, 59 epidemiologically linked cases of diarrhea occurred, including 21 intractable cases with four deaths. The epidemic strain, which was not agglutinated by commerical diagnostic antisera, was isolated from the hands of personnel in five instances directly incriminated hand carriage as the mode of spread. Acquisition of illness, which was especially high among low-birth-weight infants less than 17 days old, did not correlate with any treatment modality investigated and appeared to be related to a host factor. Noninvasive small intestinal colonization, production of enterotoxin, and multiple antibiotic resistance of the epidemic strain were demonstrated and helped to explain the intractability of clinical illness in many infants, despite intensive parenteral antibiotic therapy. Surveys of fecal coliforms on the hands of nursery personnel revealed no change in prevalence after introduction of a policy of "triple" handwashing with 3 percent hexachlorophene soap, but a significant decrease occurred during the use of disposable gloves. The frequent occurrence of E. coli 0142 in throat swabs of affected infants suggested that pharyngeal colonization may serve as an important diagnostic clue in E. coli diarrhea.
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PMID:An outbreak og gastroenteritis due to E. coli 0142 in a neonatal nursery. 109 26

Between December 21, 1969, and April 14, 1970, 44 symptomatic cases of Salmonella typhimurium gastroenteritis occurred among the approximately 2500 Sioux Indians of the Lake Traverse Reservation in South Dakota. Twenty-five cases were confirmed by positive stool culture. All 19 cases not confirmed by culture had diarrhea and were epidemiologically associated with the culture-proven cases. Fourteen of these were discovered during the course of the investigation and had not been cultured previously. Twelve cases were hospital-acquired and 32 community acquired. Both the nosocomial and community-acquired infections occurred randomly during the 17-week span of the epidemic. Despite extensive investigation, no common exposure was discovered. The hospital-acquired infections all occurred in patients who shared a room or nursing personnel with patients who had active disease, or were born of a woman with active disease at the time of parturition. Twenty-nine of the 32 community acquired cases were linked to each other by person-to-person contact. This epidemic is the first documented outbreak of non-institutional salmonellosis propagated by person-to-person transmission.
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PMID:An outbreak of salmonellosis propagated by person-to-person transmission on an Indian reservation. 109

During the period January 1969 through October 1973, rectal swabs from 13,947 diarrhea patients of all ages at infectious disease hospital and children hospital in Saigon were examined. From these specimens 610 strains of Salmonella of all group were isolated. A total of 46 serologic types were encounted. The most commonly encounted were S. paratyphi B, S. java and S. typhimurium (group B). Most of Salmonella isolated were obtained from adult gastroenteritis. We have also studied the possible relation between human and animal salmonellosis. The rodents trapped from different aera in Saigon, fish and clams collected from different markets were examined by bacteriological surveys. From these specimens, 42 strains of Salmonella were isolated for a 2,2 percent isolation rate. Our study showed that Salmonella types which were isolated frequently from animal were encounted in man.
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PMID:[Digestive salmonellosis in South Vietnam]. 110 11

Daily fecal weight is the feature most useful in defining diarrhea, as normal weights for various societies are known. Diarrhea is associated with increased fecal water excretion, with heightened sensitivity of the rectal mucosa, and with exudation of mucus. It occurs acutely, as in gastroenteritis, bacterial dysenteries, and parasitic infections, and chronically, as in functional disorders, malabsorption syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Many seemingly unrelated diseases can also cause diarrhea. The patient's history as well as macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical analysis of stools will offer major clues to the cause of the ciarrhea.
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PMID:Diarrhea: pathogenesis and diagnostic techniques. 110 98

Intestinal transit times in children less than 3 years old with gastroenteritis were measured using carmine suspension and radioopaque pellets. Carmine transit times were short as expected in the acute illness, and lengthened on recovery to the values found in children without diarrhoea. Pellet transit times of the sick children were the same as those of controls without bowel disease. Solid markers may thus be misleading in acute diarrhoeal illness of childhood. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:Assessment of simple methods of measuring intestinal transit times in children with gastroenteritis. 115 Jan 15

During the period from September 8 to October 2, 1970, 44 of the 120 children and 78 of 141 adults questioned at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital experienced gastroenteritis characterized by nausea, vomiting, and fever and/or chills. Diarrhea was rare in children (4.5%) and common in adults (74%). The median duration of illness for children, 18 hours, was significantly shorter than the 48 hours for adults. All viral and bacterial cultures of 30 stool specimens were negative for viruses and bacterial pathogens. A retrospective survey of 28 ill employees revealed a secondary attach rate of 46% of 76 family contacts. A bacteria-free filtrate prepared from stool swab specimens of 2 ill adults by a team at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases was administered orally to 3 adult volunteers. One of the 3 vomited and had 4 watery diarrheal stools on the third post-inoculation day. Diarrheal stool filtrates from this person were then given orally to 8 others; 1 became ill. Although the epidemiologic features point to the respiratory route of infection, the probably successful serial transmission of disease via bacteria-free stool filtrates through 2 generations of volunteers also suggests that the "Denver agent" is a virus-sized particle that replicates in the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Epidemic acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital. 116 30

A new virus was found to be associated with acute gastroenteritis in children. In duodenal biopsies, it was observed infecting only intestinal epithelial cells, and it resembled orbiviruses in its morphogenesis. For diagnsotic purposes the virus was readily demonstrated by negative staining of fecal extracts. Two forms of particles were seen: double-sheeled particles (70 to 75 nm in diameter) resembling those of reovirus with a sharper outline, and single-shelled particles (60 nm in diameter) with obvious capsomer structure and resembling those of orbiviruses. The morphological resemblance of this human virus to the viruses of "Nebraska" calf scours and epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice is emphasized.
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PMID:Infantile enteritis viruses: morphogenesis and morphology. 116 98

This paper describes an infant with gastroenteritis, who developed hypertension and oedema after administration of inaccurately prepared oral glucose salt solution. The renin aldosterone system was suppressed in this child and it was suggested that this may be a factor in the development of hypernatraemia when abnormal water losses occur in infants fed on hyperosmolar feeds. Unless salt can be given accurately in small amounts it may be safer to advise feeds of glucose only in infants with mild diarrhoea.
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PMID:Hypertension, oedema, and suppressed renin aldosterone system due to unsupervised salt administration. 119 Aug 14

Intestinal lesions in 2 gnotobiotic calves given (oral inoculation) calf diarrheal coronavirus were studied by scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy. The calves were euthanatized at 34 and 73 hours after the onset of diarrhea. Lesions in the small intestine were similar to those reported in animals affected with transmissible gastroenteritis of swine. Small intestinal villi were shortened, some adjacent villi were fused, and villous epithelium was composed of low cuboidal to squamous cells. In the ansa spiralis coli, there were atrophy of the colonic ridges and marked differences in length and spacing of the microvilli on individual epithelial cells.
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PMID:Scanning electron, light, and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with calf diarrheal coronavirus. 120 Apr 42


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