Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report the findings of a two-year survey of faecal specimens for the protozoal pathogen, Cryptosporidium. Of the 2248 patients who were tested, 55 (2.5%) patients were found to have cryptosporidial infection. Transmission of the parasite appeared mainly to occur from person to person. In immunocompetent patients it caused an acute and sometimes severe gastroenteritis. Immunoincompetent patients experienced a variable illness that ranged from asymptomatic carriage to severe diarrhoea, causing malabsorption and ultimately death. Cryptosporidium is an important cause of gastroenteritis and may be the presenting feature of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Therefore, it is pertinent to screen for this pathogen in all patients with acute diarrhoea.
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PMID:Human infection with Cryptosporidium spp.: results of a 24-month survey. 365 29

A clinical study was undertaken using honey in oral rehydration solution in infants and children with gastroenteritis. The aim was to evaluate the influence of honey on the duration of acute diarrhoea and its value as a glucose substitute in oral rehydration. The results showed that honey shortens the duration of bacterial diarrhoea, does not prolong the duration of non-bacterial diarrhoea, and may safely be used as a substitute for glucose in an oral rehydration solution containing electrolytes. The correct dilution of honey, as well as the presence of electrolytes in the oral rehydration solution, however, must be maintained.
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PMID:Honey in the treatment of infantile gastroenteritis. 392 86

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is multifaceted disease representing systemic, skin or gastrointestinal reactions to cow's milk (CM) protein. This article shortly reviews the intestinal form of CMA (ICMA). According us the child is allergic to CM when the immunologic reaction to CM is associated with clinical symptoms. The incidence of CMA is 1.3-1.9% in general, but the ICMA only 0.6 pro mille among the children less than six months of age. The majority of infants shows symptoms within a month of starting CM feeding. The majority of children with CMA have gastrointestinal symptoms. Manx of these infants has additionally dermatological symptoms and some respiratory symptoms. The mode of onset is often acute diarrhoea and vomiting, as in acute gastroenteritis. Laboratory findings indicate iron deficiency anemia in 20-70%. Half to two thirds of infants with chronic diarrhoea have moderate to severe steatorrhoea. The morphologic lesion in the gastrointestinal tract in ICMA is widespread, often being present from stomach to rectum. Jejunal lesion is most severe in the proximal part of the intestine and nowadays most patients have only partial villous atrophy or slight changes of the villi. Both the epithelium and the lamina propria of the jejunum are infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The morphology of the small intestine speaks for a strong immune reaction which leads increased destruction of surface epithelial cells. We recommend elimination of CM proteins to the age of 1.5 to 2 years. Most patients tolerate CM by the age of 2 years without symptoms. Prolonged breast-feeding and avoidance of early contact with CM are important in reducing the severity and frequency of CMA.
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PMID:Intestinal cow's milk allergy. 404 93

Hospitalized infants suffering from acute diarrhea were used to test simple bedside methods of determining reducing substances and pH in multiple fresh stool specimens. 332 infants were tested, and thetests were useful in detecting a reduced capacity to tolerate lactose in 77% of these patients. Lactose intolerance was considered to be present when the stools had a carbohydrate content greater than .25% and/or a pH of less than 6. 75 of 77 lactose-tolerant patients recovered within 3 weeks of administration of a milk formula, whereas 111 of 195 with mild intolerance and 13 of 60 with severe lactose intolerance recovered while receiving the milk formula. Diarrhea of greater than 3 weeks duration occurred in 27% of those cases with mild and in with untreated severe intolerance; however, with prompt dietary treatment, a 62% of those cases favorable response always occurred. Lactose intolerance was positively correlated with increased severity of malnutrition; there were no correlations with previous episodes of gastroenteritis, with presence of enteropathogens or with associated infections. When antibiotic therapy was instituted, the stool pH increased toward alkaline, but the excretion of carbohydrates was not modified.
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PMID:Carbohydrate intolerance in infants with diarrhea. 517 Nov 4

In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, gastroenteritis is a leading cause of admission to Children's Hospital. A prospective study of 254 children between the ages of 0-5 admitted over a 4-month period for acute diarrhea was undertaken. Information was obtained from parents about each child's history and the children were medically examined and weighed before and after treatment. Blood urea and electrolytes were estimated and stools examined for parasites and bacteria. Almost 85% of the babies were under 1 year old, 46.5% were less than 5 months. 35.6% had normal weights for age; 25.6%, 1st degree malnutrition; 26.4%, 2nd degree and 12.4%, 3rd degree malnutrition. The severely malnourished were all marasmic, except for 6 who had kwashiorkor, alone or with marasmus. 65.4% were bottle fed but only 20% of the mothers used boiling or chemical means of sterilizing the bottles. Isonatremic dehydration accounted for 73% of the dehydrated infants or children, hyponatremia for 14% and hypernatremia for 13%. 11.8% were graded severely dehydrated on admission. Mothers of children with hypotonic dehydration tended to dilute the feeds, while mothers of hypertonic dehydrated children tended to concentrate them. The overall isolation rate for bacteria and parasites was 33.8%, including salmonella, entero-pathogenic E. coli, Giardia lambia and shigella species. 23 children died; mortality was highest in the younger age group, among babies who were bottle fed, among the more severely dehydrated and among those with hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration. The study results are comparable with incidence reported in proximal areas. The high incidence of bottlefeeding and the consequences to infant health as a major cause of morbidity is of concern. The mild cases of dehydration could be treated on an outpatient basis if adequate facilities are accessible to the population.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis among children in Riyadh: a prospective analysis of 254 hospital admissions. 618 53

The number of recognized infectious causes of diarrhea potentially treatable with specific antibiotics has markedly increased within the past ten years. Laboratories are developing and expanding their abilities to deal with these new pathogens. Neither prophylaxis nor specific treatment of diarrhea in travelers is simple, practical, and safe. Although enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is the most important cause of diarrhea in U.S. travelers to tropical areas, Campylobacter jejuni causes acute diarrhea in persons in the United States about as often as do Salmonella and Shigella. Vibrio parahemolyticus is an important cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis following ingestion of improperly cooked shellfish; Bacillus cereus is important in outbreaks of diarrhea after ingestion of improperly cooked and stored rice in Chinese restaurants. Although Yersinia enterocolitica is probably an important cause of severe enteritis in the United States, imperfect techniques for its isolation and lack of good serologic tests have hampered recognition of its importance. Practical means for diagnosing antibiotic-associated colitis and the role of Clostridium difficile toxins in this disease are now available. Vancomycin, metronidazole, bacitracin, and cholestyramine are useful in treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis.
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PMID:Recent advances in management of bacterial diarrhea. 640 74

We studied the ultrastructure of the jejunal epithelium of six children suffering from acute episodes of gastroenteritis. Ultrastructural alterations of the jejunal mucosa occurred in practically all of the fragments analyzed, although the intensity of the abnormalities observed varied considerably. In most of the patients the alterations were confined to the microvilli, which appeared shortened and tufted in comparison with controls. These ultrastructural alterations are nonspecific and may represent a general response of the intestinal mucosa against different noxious agents. Severe alteration of the epithelial cells was observed in only one patient. In this case the cytoplasm contained multiple vacuoles that may correspond to dilated endoplasmic reticulum. It is hypothesized that the small intestinal lesions observed in these patients may allow penetration of food antigens, resulting in the appearance of food intolerance frequently described in children suffering from acute diarrhea.
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PMID:Ultrastructural study of alterations in the small intestinal epithelium of children with acute diarrhea. 648 62

Two prospective studies compare the dietary treatment of acute diarrhoea (gastroenteritis in infancy with either partially adapted formula or with special formula (HN 25) with a low lactose content (1.8%), or virtually free of lactose (0.05%), including only infants with acute diarrhoea, a loss in weight not exceeding 8%, and without parenteral fluid intake. There is no difference in the duration of hospitalization. However, the time until normalization of the stools was significantly shorter when lactose-reduced formula or formula virtually free of lactose was fed (4.4 resp. 3.1 vs. 5.1 days). There were 9 relapses in the control group fed partially adapted formula, and none in the trial group fed special formula. The present results show that in mild and moderate diarrhoea a dietary treatment with lactose-reduced formula should be preferred to a treatment with infant formula.
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PMID:[Dietary treatment of acute gastroenteritis in infants]. 664 45

From among 1,248 stool specimens examined during the 2-year period, February 1979 to February 1981, astrovirus was detected by electron microscopy in 42 specimens from 28 children. Diarrhoea was an invariable clinical feature; vomiting occurred in 18 children, abdominal pain in 7, and mild dehydration in 5. Fourteen of the children with acute diarrhoea were admitted directly to the gastroenteritis unit. The other 14 children developed their acute diarrhoea sometime after hospital admission. Although the excretion of astrovirus was associated with mild gastroenteritis, the presence of other enteric pathogens in 16 of the 28 children limited the degree to which the clinical symptoms could be attributed to astrovirus alone. Transient monosaccharide intolerance lasting 1 to 2 days occurred in 18 children, and cow's milk protein intolerance requiring milk elimination for several months was a sequel in 3 children.
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PMID:Clinical associations of stool astrovirus in childhood. 682 Nov 17

Diarrhoea is common and may be disabling, and in developed countries is responsible for more days lost from work than more socially acceptable conditions such as heart disease. Acute diarrhoea in the form of infantile gastroenteritis contributes to the deaths of more children than any other single condition in the world. This review describes the pathophysiological mechanisms and the treatments available for the more common types of diarrhoea in developed countries. Proper treatment depends on an understanding of the underlying pathological abnormality.
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PMID:Antidiarrhoeal agents. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. 717 63


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