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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The infant mortality rate amongst Aborigines from 12 Queensland Aboriginal settlements and missions over the years 1972 to 1976 was 72 per 1000 live births. This rate is comparable with that for Queensland of 60 years ago. The Aboriginal infants had twice the present-day Queensland risk of neonatal death and eight times the risk of postneonatal death. Prematurity was the major cause of neonatal deaths; gastroenteritis and pneumonia were the major causes of infant deaths. These rates emphasise the need for community and preventive health care for the Aboriginal children, particularly during the postneonatal period.
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PMID:Infant mortality in 12 Aboriginal settlements: Queensland, 1972--1976. 44 44

Renal cortical necrosis, renal medullary necrosis, and combined renal cortical-medullary necrosis result from renal ischemia without vascular occlusion. Renal hypoperfusion and ischemic injury in infants have been ascribed to massive blood loss, hemolytic disease, septicemia, and severe hypoxemia. In a postmortem study we identified 82 cases among 1,638 autopsies during the 20 years between 1970 and 1989 in infants 3 months old or less at the time of death. The frequency of renal necrosis in autopsy cases increased significantly during the last 6 years of the study. The distribution of the renal lesion was cortical in 28, medullary in 23, and combined in 31. Forty infants carried diagnoses of congenital heart disease, 17 of asphyxial shock, 9 of sepsis, 3 of infectious myocarditis, 9 of major malformations, 4 of anemic shock, 1 of vascular malformation, and 1 of gastroenteritis and dehydration. A significantly higher proportion of babies with congenital heart disease had cortical involvement. Comparison of clinical characteristics revealed a significantly higher frequency of prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, bleeding diathesis, and possibly sepsis in the children with congenital heart disease, suggesting that these factors are important in the pathogenesis of the renal lesion. Fourteen infants underwent cardiac catheterization; there was no demonstrable association between the renal lesions and the use of radiographic contrast medium. We conclude that severe congenital heart disease itself is a risk factor for life-threatening renal cortical and medullary necrosis.
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PMID:Renal cortical and renal medullary necrosis in the first 3 months of life. 148 35

Educational intervention programs in Florin, Greece, a mountainous rural area with a low (15-20%) attendance at prenatal clinics, were conducted to reduce perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality and to promote physical and psychomotor development. Prior community diagnostic surveys had identified low income, poor living conditions, and illiteracy as very closely linked with poor hygiene, poor nutrition, nonutilization of services, frequent infections and high perinatal and infant mortality. The objectives of the intervention were to assess the effects of health education on breast feeding practices and use of available medical services. 300 pregnant women participants were randomly identified by the clinic as the intervention group and 200 as controls. Both groups were similar with predominantly low socioeconomic status (69-73%) and peasant farmers. There were few basic housing amenities (13.1 with interventions and 12.7 for controls). 70% of the women lived in extended families. The intervention involved home visits on nutrition, general hygiene, breast feeding, and newborn care. Visits were scheduled every 2 weeks in the 1st 2 months of pregnancy and every month until the infant was 12 months old. It was found that nutrition counseling was positively associated with maternal weight between interventions and controls (11.33 vs. 10.30 p.05) but not on low birth weight. Prematurity was reduced (3.7% intervention vs. 8.3% controls, p.04). The perinatal mortality was 31% for interventions vs. 41% for controls, but there were a significantly higher number of fetal deaths (28 weeks) for interventions. There was no discernible impact on breast feeding practices except for demand feeding (61% interventions vs. 38% controls) perhaps because both groups considered breast milk the best. Overfeeding was affected by health counseling, but was reflected only after the 1st year (12.1% control vs. 6.7% intervention in the 90th percentile). The presence of anemia followed a similar pattern with intervention impact after the 1st year. There was no measurable impact in psychomotor development. Reported illness days had a significant lower mean 1 year for interventions. Illness reports checked against clinic visits showed underreporting for both groups. Colds, otitis, and gastroenteritis were the most common ailments. Both showed greater illness between 8 and 12 months with a slightly higher incidence of feverish episodes, gastroenteritis and otitis among controls. Hospitalizations were not significantly different. Both groups used the clinic for infant illness; home visits depressed the use of free routine checkups for interventions from 0 to 4 months. 5 neonatal deaths occurred among controls and interventions. It was anticipated that mortality is also affected by linkages to the community and improvement in medical services. The results were mixed but the program was partly successful.
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PMID:Maternal and infant health education in a rural Greek community. 204 May 9

81 inborn infants of 24-26 weeks gestation were studied. Overall survival rate excluding 2 lethal malformations was 44%: it was 36% at 24 wk, 32% at 25 wk and 57% at 26 wk. 68% of the multiparous mothers had a previous reproductive loss and 30% had a previous preterm birth. Antepartum haemorrhage and chorioamnionitis were the 2 most common obstetric associations. Perinatal asphyxia and severe respiratory disorders were significantly associated with increased mortality. Management of respiratory failure and provision of adequate nutrition were the 2 main therapeutic challenges. 30% of the deaths occurred in the delivery room and 68% by 24 hours. Periventricular haemorrhage was the most common necropsy finding. The mean gestation at discharge for the 35 survivors was 40 wk. On assessment at 2 years of age, corrected for prematurity, 10 (28%) had cerebral palsy, 3(9%) had developmental delay, 2 (6%) were blind, and 1 (3%) had sensorineural deafness. There were 4 children who had more than 1 disability; 9 of the 12 children with disability were considered to have a significant functional handicap. The proportions of survivors without significant functional handicap, born at 24-25 wk compared with those at 26 wk, were not statistically different (67% versus 80%). Common medical conditions in the first 2 years included respiratory illness, otitis media and gastroenteritis. 13 (37%) children required rehospitalisation for an average of 3 times; total days in hospital averaged 15 d. The most common reason for admission was respiratory illness. At 2 years, 24% were below the 10th centile for weight as were 26% for height; head circumferences were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Viability of infants born at 24 to 26 weeks gestation. 241 38

A 1 year follow-up study of 289 low birth weight infants (LBW) was carried out during 1984-85 in slums of Bombay: 151 were males and 138 were females. 52.9% of babies had birth weight less than 2.5 kg. Male children suffered 9.7 and females 8.6 episodes of sickness per year. Annual mean episodes of illness were: diarrhea 3.2, cough 5.3, and fever 4.8. Upper respiratory tract infection was considered fever. 98.6% breast fed successfully in the 1st week keeping it up for 2 months. Of 209 mothers, 88.5% had weaned their babies before 6 months. Commercial formula was used by only 1 mother whose baby had gastroenteritis and dies. Of 289 infants, bottle feeding was done in only 3 cases. Feeding with bowl and spoon was done in 71.3% of infants, 27.7% were not weaned at all with breastfeeding lasting 1 year. Most babies lost weight around the 7th and 8th months of life along with maximum episodes of sickness. Babies below 2 kg showed accelerated growth after weaning, and achieved grade I nutritional status. 2.7 to 3 kg weight babies failed to show any gain from the 5th month, thus advanced to 3rd grade malnutrition. 6 deaths occurred, 4 of which had birth weights less than 2 kg. 2 babies died of gastroenteritis and septicemia during the 4th and 5th month. Mortality in babies born less than 2 kg was 44.4% and above 2 kg birth weight was less that 1%. The infant mortality rate (IMR) was 38/1000 live births vs. the national range of 39-177. Prematurity caused 1.2% of deaths. Antenatal care, detection of at risk pregnancies, proper feeding and weaning practices, and complete immunization coverage can help reduce IMR in slums, and the goal of a rate below 60 by the year 2000 is feasible.
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PMID:Care of low birth weight babies in slums. 280 50

The autopsy findings and certain other features are described in 16 fatal cases of infantile diarrhea associated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection during the 1963 epidemic in Newfoundland which resulted in 100 deaths. Age is an important factor in the severity of the infection and in the outcome. Almost one-half the patients were under 4 months and a third under 2 months. Pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract were meagre and were not pathognomonic. Other pathological findings and their possible role in the severity and fatal outcome in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis are discussed. Such conditions as prematurity, congenital anomaly, trauma, neoplasm and metabolic disorders were, no doubt, also important factors in the outcome. Severe respiratory tract infection was the leading terminal cause of death. No sex, seasonal or geographic variation was found. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype 0111:B4 was the prevalent infecting organism.
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PMID:Epidemic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Newfoundland, 1963: autopsy study of 16 cases. 533 93

During the six year period from 1975 to 1980, at Al-Fatch Paediatric Hospital 35,488 sick children under 12 years of age were admitted for inpatient treatment; 3 009 had a fatal outcome. The mortality rate per 1000 admissions and discharges respectively, was 54.9 and 52.1 in 1975; and 135.6 and 119.4 in 1980. The age specific mortality rate per thousand discharges was 219.4 for infants, 32.8 for 1 to 4 years, 21.7 for 5 to 9 years, 25.7 for 10 to 12 years of age. Although the overall mortality rate was almost equal for boys and girls, it was higher for boys below 1 year or over 10 years, and higher for girls between 1 to 9 years of age. The proportion of deaths and admissions was more during winter the season from September to January and during the summer season from May to July. More than 80% of those who recovered were admitted with acute respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, meningitis, diseases of urinary system, acute poisoning and symptoms or ill-defined conditions; whereas, more than 70% of expired cases were admitted with prematurity, gastroenteritis, septicaemia, acute respiratory diseases and congenital malformations. The case fatality in 1980 was 84.5% for septicaemia, 55.5% for prematurity, 41.7% for congenital malformations, 18.9% for malnutrition and 16.1% for diseases of nervous system.
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PMID:Six years mortality statistics in a Libyan paediatric hospital. 663 90

Twenty-four fatal cases of echo 11 infection in the eleven years 1968-78 are presented. All were children, and could be divided into two groups according to age at death and clinical presentation. The first group comprised 12 babies who died aged between 5 and 11 days after a short illness characterised by collapse, acidosis, and bleeding. At necropsy there was evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation with haemorrhage into many organs including the renal medulla, suprarenal glands, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system. Six cases showed hepatic necrosis which was massive in three. Virus was present in many tissues. Infection was probably acquired from the mothers at delivery in 3 cases. Low maternal neutralising antibody titres and prematurity were thought to be adverse factors in the outcome. The second group consisted of 12 children aged between 9 weeks and 4 years 10 months who died suddenly. Pathological findings included upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, encephalitis, and gastroenteritis. Six of this group had been classified as 'cot deaths'. The role of echo 11 in the death of some of these older children is unknown. This report shows the danger of echo 11 to neonates, especially if unprotected by maternal antibody.
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PMID:Fatal infection with echovirus 11. 719 96

Rotaviruses cause acute gastroenteritis; mostly in young children. Infant rotavirus vaccines have been licensed in Europe and provide excellent protection against severe gastroenteritis, but are not widely implemented due to the perceived benign character of rotavirus disease and unfavourable cost-effectiveness. Rotavirus vaccines are currently unavailable in the Netherlands which leaves a particularly vulnerable group of infants--those with prematurity, low birth weight or severe congenital malformations--at increased risk of rotavirus disease, complications and even death. Rotavirus vaccination should be made available to these infants, but due to the strict age limits for the rotavirus vaccination (which must be started at < 14 weeks), vaccination cannot be adequately organised within the Dutch National Immunisation Programme (NIP) which relies on well-baby clinic visits. Organising rotavirus vaccination for high-risk infants through paediatric secondary care could overcome this problem and be implemented independent of decisions on uptake of rotavirus vaccination within the Dutch NIP.
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PMID:[Rotavirus vaccination: a priority for high-risk children]. 2402 Jun 26

Gut colonization by beneficial bacteria in early life is necessary for establishing the gut mucosal barrier, maturation of the immune system and preventing infections with enteric pathogens. Mode of delivery, prematurity, breastfeeding, and use of antibiotics are some of many factors that have been described to influence early life colonization. Dysbiosis, the absence of normal colonization, is associated with many disease conditions. Pre- and probiotics are commonly used as supplementation in infant formula, such as prebiotic oligosaccharides for stimulation of Bifidobacterium growth aiming to mimic the high levels of these commensal bacteria in the gut of breastfed infants. Studies suggest that probiotic supplementation may be beneficial in prevention and management of disease (e.g., reducing the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants and treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children). Although these studies show promising beneficial effects, the long-term risks or health benefits of pre- and probiotic supplementation are not clear.
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PMID:Use of probiotics and prebiotics in infant feeding. 2704 95


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