Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Routine laboratory testing for adenovirus (Adv) requires a procedure that is rapid and reliable, especially for samples from children and immunosuppressed patients, when diarrhea may signal the onset of severe gastrointestinal disorders. An improved culture technique for Adv isolation, using centrifugation step of 24-well plates and needing only 48 h incubation, was evaluated for 382 stool samples. This technique was compared with conventional tube cell culture and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Adv was isolated in 36 samples (9.4%) by rapid culture, in 32 (8.4%) by conventional culture, and in 42 samples (11%) using genus-specific ELISA. A total of 30 isolates were found to be Adv positive in both rapid and conventional cultures, and half of the Adv-positive rapid culture isolates were identified as serotypes 40/41 using a type-specific ELISA. The improved culture method considerably reduces incubation time and also offers a slightly enhanced sensitivity to Adv serotypes. Combined with appropriate cell lines adapted to the isolation of enteric adenoviruses, it therefore constitutes a valuable laboratory test particularly useful in the diagnosis of gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Evaluation of rapid culture centrifugation method for adenovirus detection in stools. 898 60

Rotavirus represents the major cause of dehydrating diarrhea among infants and young children on worldwide scale and has recently become the target of research aimed at developing a vaccine. To that end, screening tests of clinical specimens ought to provide high sensitivity and specificity. Hence, in order to achieve that aim we compared a commercially available latex agglutination (LA) kit with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers amplifying the gene for the major neutralization antigen in 71 stool samples of children with acute gastroenteritis during November 1998-April 1999. Based on accuracy (76.05%), specificity (86.8%) and sensitivity (63.6%) determined for LA with RT-PCR serving as the gold standard, we recommend LA for field studies where speed and simplicity are crucial. Yet, for the purpose of further studies as to epidemiology and vaccine trials RT-PCR with its higher specificity and sensitivity will be required.
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PMID:Comparison between RT-PCR and rapid agglutination test for diagnosis of human rotavirus infection. 1092 64

This study concerns a nosocomial rotaviral infection of a geriatric patient with clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. The virological diagnosis was based on the detection of rotaviral antigens using a Rota kit, viral genome RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method, and viral particles by electron microscopy in the stool samples. Prolonged rotaviral shedding was suggested to be due to impaired natural killer cell activity, possibly together with deficiency of specific local immune response of the patient.
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PMID:Prolonged shedding of rotavirus in a geriatric inpatient. 1211 13

An enzymatic, kinetic method for determining serum lipase activity was evaluated and compared to a standard manual method for use in dogs. The kinetic method was a commercial kit adapted for use on a tandem access clinical chemistry analyzer and utilized a series of coupled enzymatic reactions based on the hydrolysis of 1,2-diglyceride by lipase. The manual method was the Cherry-Crandall technique based on the titration of base against the acid formed by hydrolysis of an olive oil substrate by lipase. The correlation between the two methods was very good (r = 0.94). The reference range for 56 clinically healthy dogs assayed by the kinetic method was 90 to 527 U/L. Diseases associated with a greater than twofold elevation in serum lipase activity as determined by the kinetic method included pancreatitis, gastritis with liver disease, and oliguric renal failure with metabolic acidosis. In some cases, pancreatitis was seen with other clinical problems, such as gastroenteritis, diabetic ketoacidosis, duodenal mass, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic peritonitis. Diseases associated with serum lipase activity within the reference range or elevated less than twofold included gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholestasis, phenobarbital-induced hepatopathy, colitis, copper hepatopathy, abdominal hematoma, apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, and thrombocytopenia with pneumonia.
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PMID:Serum lipase determination in the dog: a comparison of a titrimetric method with an automated kinetic method. 1267 88

Monoclonal antibodies to group A rotavirus Vp6 protein were prepared and used for verification of three blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) modifications to detect rotavirus A. Selected competitive blocking ELISA (CB-ELISA) and electron microscopy (EM) were used for examination of 194 field faecal samples of piglets affected with diarrhoea. Rotavirus was detected in 43 samples (22.2%) by CB-ELISA method, whereas in 26 (13.4%) samples by EM examination. However, of 26 samples positive by EM, rotavirus A was detected by CB-ELISA in 19 (73.1%) samples; indicating the share of group A rotavirus in all cases of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus. The sensitivity and specificity of the CB-ELISA was verified both by inclusion of control samples containing transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in each analysis and by comparative examination of samples with the commercial ELISA kit. The CB-ELISA sensitivity was positively affected by examination of samples in the presence of chelating agent.
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PMID:Verification of sensitivity and specificity of group a rotavirus detection in piglets faeces with monoclonal blocking ELISA methods. 1522 49

Giardia and Cryptosporidium have caused several outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans associated with drinking water. Contaminated sewage effluents are recognized as a potential source of waterborne protozoa. Due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these parasites in sewage samples in Brazil, we compared the efficiency of two procedures for concentrating cysts and oocysts in activated sludge samples of one sewage treatment plant. For this, the samples were submitted to i) concentration by the ether clarification procedure (ECP) and to ii) purification by sucrose flotation method (SFM) and aliquots of the pellets were examined by immunofluorescence. Giardia cysts were present in all samples (100.0%; n = 8) when using ECP and kit 1 reagents, while kit 2 resulted in six positive samples (85.7%; n = 7). As for SFM, cysts were detected in 75.0% and 100.0% of these samples (for kit 1 and 2, respectively). Regarding Cryptosporidium, two samples (25.0%; kit 1 and 28.5% for kit 2) were detected positive by using ECP, while for SFM, only one sample (examined by kit 1) was positive (12.5%). The results of the control trial revealed Giardia and Cryptosporidium recovery efficiency rates for ECP of 54.5% and 9.6%, while SFM was 10.5% and 3.2%, respectively. Considering the high concentration detected, a previous evaluation of the activated sludge before its application in agriculture is recommended and with some improvement, ECP would be an appropriate simple technique for protozoa detection in sewage samples.
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PMID:Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in activated sludge samples in Campinas, SP, Brazil. 1565 75

Previously, we have identified a truncated antigenic fragment named protein C [441 to 700 amino acids (a.a.)] as the immunodominant fragment of Spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We have now successfully expressed protein C using the baculovirus system in S. frugiperda (Sf-9) cells. This recombinant baculovirus expressing protein C was first characterized using five SARS convalescent human sera and five normal human sera. The results showed that protein C is an authentic antigen against SARS-CoV antibody. Our Spike protein-based immunoflourescence assay (IFA) based on this recombinant baculovirus-Sf-9 system was further assessed with a panel of 163 clinical samples collected during the SARS epidemic in Singapore, which include samples from 21 clinically confirmed SARS, 42 non-SARS patient sera, and 100 normal sera. The results were compared to a commercial SARS IFA kit (EUROIMMUN, Germany) and a conventional IFA test performed in Singapore General Hospital. All of the 21 SARS-positive serum samples could be recognized by our IFA, giving a specificity and sensitivity of 100%, which was compatible with both whole virus-based IFA assays. No cross-reactivity with serum samples against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were detected in our assays. Thus, our Spike protein-based IFA could offer a safer procedure which can be performed in a BSL-2 laboratory as it could mimic the whole virus based-IFA without any loss of sensitivity and specificity. It is also more user-friendly and cost-effective than the whole virus-based IFA.
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PMID:Evaluation of a safe and sensitive Spike protein-based immunofluorescence assay for the detection of antibody responses to SARS-CoV. 1568 Jan 49

The aim of the study presented here was to use faeces from 41 gastroenteritis outbreaks (130 specimens) in Victoria, Australia, to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the RIDASCREEN norovirus enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit relative to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and/or electron microscopy. Seven specimens known to contain sapovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus were also tested. For single-specimen diagnosis the kit gave a specificity and sensitivity of 47% and 71%, respectively; altering the positivity cut-off to give a specificity of 73% reduced the sensitivity to 44%. Thus, the kit cannot be recommended for single-specimen diagnosis. One specimen containing adenovirus but not norovirus was identified as non-specifically positive by the EIA kit. If the criterion used for outbreak positivity was at least one EIA-positive specimen per outbreak, the kit's outbreak sensitivity was 94% but the outbreak specificity was only 60%.
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PMID:Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of norovirus in outbreak specimens. 1618 34

The IDEIA Norwalk-like virus (Dakocytomation Ltd., Ely, United Kingdom) and the Ridascreen Norwalk-like virus enzyme immunoassay (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany), were evaluated for the diagnosis of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. A panel of 158 fecal samples from 23 outbreaks, including confirmed rotavirus and astrovirus outbreaks, was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of both ELISA kits relative to an RT-PCR protocol that was followed by Southern blot hybridization. Another panel consisted of 6 different genogroup I strains, 12 genogroup II strains and 1 genogroup IV strain and was used to determine the scope of the tests. Compared to the RT-PCR, sensitivities of 38% and 36% and specificities of 96% and 88% were found for the Dako kit and the Ridascreen kit, respectively. Two genogroup I strains, and one genogroup II strain were not detected by the Dako kit, while five genogroup I and five genogroup II strains were not detected by the Ridascreen kit. The sensitivity of both ELISA kits, and the scope of the Ridascreen are considered disappointing. However, the ELISA kits can be useful for a preliminary screening, provided that ELISA negative outbreaks will be re-tested by RT-PCR methods.
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PMID:Diagnosis of Norovirus outbreaks by commercial ELISA or RT-PCR. 1690 56

The commercial norovirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was evaluated for its reactivity to recombinant virus-like particles and the detection of natural viruses from stool samples of Japanese infants and children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis compared to reverse transcription-PCR. The kit had a sensitivity of 76.3% and a specificity of 94.9%. Our results clearly indicated that the kit allows the detection of the most prevalent genotype, GII/4. In order to increase the sensitivity of the kit, the reactivity with norovirus of GII/3 and GII/6 genotypes needs to be improved.
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PMID:Detection of norovirus antigens from recombinant virus-like particles and stool samples by a commercial norovirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. 1702 Nov 11


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