Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although it has been well established that Kanagawa phenomenon-positive Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a human enteropathogen, the Kanagawa phenomenon-negative one has been considered to be probably not pathogenic. We have found, however, an outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Kanagawa phenomenon-negative V. parahaemolyticus which produces a new toxin (Vp-TRH) resembling to Vp-TDH, a responsible toxin of Kanagawa phenomenon. In this study, we developed monoclonal antibodies against Vp-TRH which were used for development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specifically detecting Vp-TRH. The ELISA was applied for analysis of production of Vp-TRH by various isolates of V. parahaemolyticus and we found that Vp-TRH-producing strains were derived mostly from human diarrheal stool, and not from the environment or sea foods. The results of the rabbit ileal loop test showed that Vp-TRH-producing (Kanagawa phenomenon-negative) strains, as well as Vp-TDH-producing (Kanagawa phenomenon-positive) strains could induce fluid accumulation. These results indicate the possibility that Vp-TRH-producing Kanagawa phenomenon-negative V. parahaemolyticus is a human enteropathogen.
 ...
PMID:[Development and application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibody against a hemolysin (Vp-TRH) of Vibrio paraheamolyticus--evidence that Vp-TRH producing-Kanagawa phenomenon-negative V. parahaemolyticus is a human pathogen]. 223 Mar 65

Although V. parahaemolyticus does not generally produce urease, several studies have reported urease-positive V. parahaemolyticus isolates from clinical sources. Recently, studies have shown a complete coincidence between the urease-producing phenotype of V. parahaemolyticus strains and the possession of the thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH)-related haemolysin (TRH) gene (trh). TRH, like TDH, is considered to be an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis. The present study attempted to identify the gene ure encoding urease in V. parahaemolyticus to clarify the relationship between urease production and possession of trh. The polymerase chain reaction with mixed oligonucleotide primers targeted for conserved sequences of reported ure genes from other species was used to prepare a DNA probe to detect the V. parahaemolyticus ure gene. Colony hybridisation with this ure probe demonstrated that all the ure-positive strains produced urease. Considering the coincidence between production of urease and possession of trh in V. parahaemolyticus, it was concluded that the presence or absence of the ure gene is completely coincident with that of the trh gene in V. parahaemolyticus strains. Furthermore, the relative location of ure and trh on V. parahaemolyticus chromosomal DNA was analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The results showed that, in all the strains examined, ure and trh were detected on the same NotI fragment, showing that the two genes localise within a relatively small portion of the chromosome DNA. These results suggest that the ure and trh genes are genetically linked in V. parahaemolyticus strains.
 ...
PMID:Evidence for genetic linkage between the ure and trh genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 951 11

Vibrio (V.) parahaemolyticus is an aquatic halophilic bacteria which produces gastroenteritis and in rare cases septicaemia after the consumption of raw or under-cooked contaminated seafood.The severity of diarrheal illness caused by this bacterium is closely related to the presence of two types of hemolysins (the thermostable direct hemolysin-TDH and TDH related hemolysin-TRH) and also of type III secretion system (TTSS) proteins. The TTSS type 1 induces a wide array of effects on infected HeLa cells such as autophagy, oncosis, cell rounding and lysis. Previous studies have shown that heat shock proteins have the ability to stimulate the production of interleukins in different cellular cultures. In our studies we have stimulated two cellular lines (HeLa and human diploid cells) with different V. parahaemolyticus culture fractions in order to observe the effect on cytokines production. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha induced by the cell treatment with total cellular lysate, periplasmic fractions and culture supernatants extracted from V. parahaemolyticus exposed to normal and also to stress conditions. The ELISA assay of the cytokine profile of the HeLa and HDC cell lines stimulated with different bacterial fractions revealed that in the V. parahemolyticus cultures submitted to osmotic and heat shock stress are accumulating factors (probably heat shock proteins) which are exhibiting immunomodulatory activity, responsible for the induction of a pro-inflammatory response associated with increased levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression, however balanced by the stimulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 synthesis.
 ...
PMID:Cytokine profiles of HeLa and human diploid cells induced by different fractions of Vibrio parahaemolyticus cultures exposed to stress conditions. 2143 93

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of raw seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. Its pathogenesis is likely to be multifactorial, although the most characteristic virulence-associated factors are the toxins TDH and TRH, in addition to the Type-III Secretion System-2, which codes for diverse effectors involved in cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity. However, diarrhea cases produced by clinical strains lacking all of these main virulence factors (non-toxigenic strains) have been reported in many countries and they can represent up to 9-10% of the clinical isolations. So far, although there have been significant advances in the description of the virulence factors of V. parahaemolyticus, the ability of non-toxigenic strains to cause illness is still not completely understood. To elucidate this question it is necessary to have adequate infection models. The susceptibility of G. mellonella to the infection with non-toxigenic strains seems to be the response to identifying new virulence factors and consequently providing new insights into mechanisms of the virulence of non-toxigenic strains. This new model means an invaluable contribution to public health, since the understanding of virulence in strains lacking the traditional major toxins is essential to detect these strains present in waters and marine products and avoid possible food-borne infection.
 ...
PMID:Galleria mellonella: A model of infection to discern novel mechanisms of pathogenesis of non-toxigenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains. 2896 Jan 37

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. As reported in other countries, after the rise and fall of the pandemic strain in Chile, other post-pandemic strains have been associated with clinical cases, including strains lacking the major toxins TDH and TRH. Since the presence or absence of tdh and trh genes has been used for diagnostic purposes and as a proxy of the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus isolates, the understanding of virulence in V. parahaemolyticus strains lacking toxins is essential to detect these strains present in water and marine products to avoid possible food-borne infection. In this study, we characterized the genome of four environmental and two clinical non-toxigenic strains (tdh-, trh-, and T3SS2-). Using whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic, and comparative genome analysis, we identified the core and pan-genome of V. parahaemolyticus of strains of southern Chile. The phylogenetic tree based on the core genome showed low genetic diversity but the analysis of the pan-genome revealed that all strains harbored genomic islands carrying diverse virulence and fitness factors or prophage-like elements that encode toxins like Zot and RTX. Interestingly, the three strains carrying Zot-like toxin have a different sequence, although the alignment showed some conserved areas with the zot sequence found in V. cholerae. In addition, we identified an unexpected diversity in the genetic architecture of the T3SS1 gene cluster and the presence of the T3SS2 gene cluster in a non-pandemic environmental strain. Our study sheds light on the diversity of V. parahaemolyticus strains from the southern Pacific which increases our current knowledge regarding the global diversity of this organism.
 ...
PMID:Exploring the Genomic Traits of Non-toxigenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains Isolated in Southern Chile. 2947 10