Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the six year period from 1975 to 1980, at Al-Fatch Paediatric Hospital 35,488 sick children under 12 years of age were admitted for inpatient treatment; 3 009 had a fatal outcome. The mortality rate per 1000 admissions and discharges respectively, was 54.9 and 52.1 in 1975; and 135.6 and 119.4 in 1980. The age specific mortality rate per thousand discharges was 219.4 for infants, 32.8 for 1 to 4 years, 21.7 for 5 to 9 years, 25.7 for 10 to 12 years of age. Although the overall mortality rate was almost equal for boys and girls, it was higher for boys below 1 year or over 10 years, and higher for girls between 1 to 9 years of age. The proportion of deaths and admissions was more during winter the season from September to January and during the summer season from May to July. More than 80% of those who recovered were admitted with acute respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, meningitis, diseases of urinary system, acute poisoning and symptoms or ill-defined conditions; whereas, more than 70% of expired cases were admitted with prematurity, gastroenteritis, septicaemia, acute respiratory diseases and congenital malformations. The case fatality in 1980 was 84.5% for septicaemia, 55.5% for prematurity, 41.7% for congenital malformations, 18.9% for malnutrition and 16.1% for diseases of nervous system.
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PMID:Six years mortality statistics in a Libyan paediatric hospital. 663 90

Postpneumonic pleural suppuration is a common condition seen in paediatric practice in Nigeria. One hundred and twenty cases seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, over a 4-year period were reviewed. The patients were aged between 1 1/2 months and 16 years. History of antecedent measles was elicited in 27 of the children, and 70% of the patients presented to the hospital later than 7 days after the onset of symptoms of pleura suppuration. From the pleural aspirates of 106 cases (88.3%) Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 31.2%, but there were no organisms cultured in 39.4%. Twenty-nine children were treated by chemotherapy only; 11 of them (37.9%) died. Sixty-eight cases had tube drainage of the pleural collections, with 6 deaths (8.8%). Twenty-three patients had thoracotomy, evacuation of the suppurative lesion and decortication of the lung, with no mortality. There was overall hospital mortality of 14.2%, the highest mortality being in children who had associated measles, gastroenteritis, anaemia or malnutrition. Early surgical drainage by tube thoracostomy or by thoracotomy and decortication in addition to appropriate and adequate antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice.
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PMID:Postpneumonic pleural suppuration in children. 667 97

Lessons learned from Haiti's integration of a training program for traditional birth attendants with the maternal and child health and family planning program are reported. The available data on illness and deaths reveal that Haiti has continuing problems of gastroenteritis, malnutrition, tuberculosis, malaria, and tetanus. The latter is of particular interest since neonatal tetanus derived from umbilical cord contamination continues to affect up to 10-20% of Haitian newborns in rural areas lacking health programs. Neonatal tetanus has largely disappeared in the Artibonite Valley due to a mass immunization program for the entire population, including young women, against tetanus. In the Albert Schweitzer Hospital program for indigenous midwives in Artibonite Valley, at least 36 midwives were reached on a regular basis in 1968 -- less than 1/3 of the midwives operating in the Artibonite Valley. There was a rapid decline in neonatal tetanus admissions during the period following 1968. This decline has been attributed to the use of rural health auxiliaries in immunizing the women in the hospital district, but indigenous midwives may have played a role. By 1970, the Albert Schweitzer Hospital program had grown from 36 midwives regularly attending midwife classes to 175 registered with the program during 1970. Although direct supervision proved difficult due to lack of communication and transport to the scene of delivery, some deliveries were observed and indirect supervision by the community became evident. An important finding of the traditional midwife training program of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital was the amount of time required for an indigenous midwife to have referred 50 newborns to the hospital for BCG vaccination. At the end of the 1st year of this program, only 2 midwives reached this goal. Another surprise was the increase in demand for "cord cut" services at the outpatient clinic rather than increased use of the nearby maternity unit. The elimination of neonatal tetanus as a cause of infant mortality was the most important outcome of the maternal and child health component of the community health program.
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PMID:Traditional midwives, tetanus immunization, and infant mortality in rural Haiti. 667 3

Jejunal biopsies from 20 well nourished children (average age 12.8 months) with gastroenteritis, and 20 children (average age 20 months) with protein-energy malnutrition were examined by immunofluorescent technique for immunoglobulins A, G, M, E, and D, and for epithelial glycoprotein secretory component. Compared with previous studies on normal infants, the children with gastroenteritis showed a moderate increase in IgA-containing cells, a large increase in IgM-containing cells, and no change in IgG-containing cells. These findings are similar to previously recorded findings on adults with gastroenteritis. In contrast there was a pronounced and highly significant decrease in IgA-containing cells in the jejunal mucosa of the children with protein-energy malnutrition. No significant differences were noted between the populations of IgG-, IgM-, IgE-, and IgD-containing cells in the two groups. It is suggested that this selective deficiency in mucosal IgA results from a delay in maturation of the secretory IgA system, and the mechanisms of such a deficiency are discussed.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin-containing cells in jejunal mucosa of children with protein-energy malnutrition and gastroenteritis. 677 3

Phosphorus depletion in malnutrition has not generally received attention. Serum phosphorus was measured in healthy infants (1.8 mmol/L), in well-nourished infants with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis, and in infants suffering from malnutrition. Serum phosphorus levels were found to be low in well-nourished infants with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis (1.32 mmol/L) an exceptionally low in infants with kwashiorkor (1.10 mmol/L) especially when the latter condition was accompanied by severe diarrhoea (0.66 mmol/L). Hypophosphatemia, as well as hypokalemia, was associated with marked hypotonia. Low levels of serum phosphorus occurred in nine of the 10 malnourished children who died.
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PMID:Serum phosphorus in protein energy malnutrition. 682 Nov 15

The state of child health in Singapore from 1914 to the present is discussed. In 1914 there were 225 reported cases of tetanus neonatorum out of 7420 births and 340 deaths from gastroenteritis with an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 292.9/1000 live births. In 1936 the IMR was 167.74 and in 1962 it was still high at 31.2. Causes of death included tetanus neonatorum, gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, and poliomyelitis. Diphtheria immunization had lowered the rate of mortality from this disease. The 1st priority in improving infant health after 1962 was lowering the IMR, especially by treating the newborn. The 2nd priority was infections. Oral Sabin was introduced against polio and programs for tetanus, whooping cough, and measles vaccinations were begun as well; compulsory diphtheria innoculation began in 1963. Malnutrition was identified as a cause in high childhood morbidity and mortality, relating to a decrease in breastfeeding to only 29% with only about 4% continuing after 3 months; this also caused diarrhea and gastroenteritis. A Breast Feeding Mothers Group was established to help mothers and to support a breast milk bank. In addition the birthrate was very high, 2.8% with very young and elderly mothers giving birth in large numbers and constituting poor obstetric risks. In 1966 the government established a national family planning program. This program, together with nutrition education, improved housing and promotion of breastfeeding has raised the nutrition level. By 1976 the IMR had fallen to 11.8 and the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) was 8.4, both of which were lower than rates in the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1981 the IMR fell to 10.8 and the NMR to 7.7. Although deaths from infections and diseases have dropped, those from congenital anomalies and malignancies such as leukemia have not changed. Health education has had an effect on lowering mortality rates from accidents. Rates of death from dengue hemorrhagic fever have been lowered but not abolished by mosquito surveillance, as is the case with other viral infections such as measles. With bacterial infections the latest problem is the existence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Further efforts must emphasize health rather than the reduction of mortality and mental and emotional morbidity must receive more attention as well.
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PMID:Child health in Singapore--past, present and future. 713 9

Salmonellosis in older children and adults is usually a self-limited disease, but the risk of complications in infants is not well-defined. We performed a retrospective review of 52 patients. 90 days of age or less, seen at the St. Louis Children's Hospital between 1975 and 1981 with stool cultures positive for salmonella. Sixteen were 30 days old or less (neonates), 21 were 31- 60 days of age, and 15 were 61-90 days old. Among patients in whom blood cultures were done initially, bacteremia was most frequent in neonates: 5/11 (45%), compared to 2/18 (11%) in older infants. All seven infants presenting with bacteremia received 10 or more days of antibiotic therapy: yet complications (osteomyelitis, fatal meningitis or chronic diarrhea) developed in three of five neonates and one of two older infants. Complications also developed in seven of 22 patients who initially had negative blood cultures, including two infants in whom sepsis later developed and two infants who required intravenous hyperalimentation because of chronic diarrhea and malnutrition. The group of 23 patients who did not have blood cultures all did well. Salmonellosis is not necessarily a self-limited infection in young infants. Even in the absence of bacteremia, clinicans would appear to be justified in using antimicrobial therapy in infants 3 months of age or les with salmonella gastroenteritis, particularly neonates of older infants with symptoms of dysentery or failure to thrive.
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PMID:Salmonella gastroenteritis in the first three months of life. A review of management and complications. 714 Jan 21

An oral questionnaire method was used with parents to determine the effect of birth interval and birth order on the morbidity pattern of children below age 5. 3 localities in India were selected -- Sir Syed Nagar, Zohra Bagh, and Jeevan Garh as all the families residing in these localities are registered under the Urban Health Training Center of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine. All children (280 from 160 families) between 0-5 years were included. 256 children belonging to 150 families were studied longitudinally for 1 year (January-December 1978), with follow-ups at 3-week intervals. Only 8.6% of the children were from social class 1; the majority (67.4%) belonged to lower social classes 4 and 5. 68.5% of the fathers and 88.8% of the mothers were illiterate; both parents were illiterate for 64% of the 256 children. Only 8.6% of the children had no illness during the study period; the remaining 91.4% suffered from 1 or another illness. The disease incidence rate was 3.4 per child and 3.7 per sick child whereas the spell rate was 5.5 per sick child. An inverse relationship was observed between birth interval and prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, worm infestation, respiratory infection, and gastroenteritis. When the birth interval was more than 4 years, the risk of malnutrition tended to be reduced by about 7 times, which was statistically significant. The incidence of respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, anemia, worm infestation, and vitamin deficiency declined from 63.6, 72.7, 45.5, 36.4, and 46.5% to 50, 43.5, 36.0, 18.7, and 31.2%, respectively, with an increase in birth interval from 1 year to 5 years. The decline in the incidence was more pronounced in anemia, worm infestation, and gastroenteritis. The incidence of all the major illnesses increased with an increase in birth order. The increase is more significant beyond the 3rd birth order.
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PMID:Morbidity pattern in relation to birth interval and birth order in children. 718 93

From 1972 to 1974 a retrospective study on acute gastroenteritis has been done, at Kinshasa University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics; the frequency of these gastro-enteric syndromes at admission is estimated about 18 p. 100. Majority of the cases occurred before 3 years old (92 p. 100), malnourished infants and children being exposed (91 p. 100). The pathogens were isolated in 44 p. 100 of the cases, bacterial etiology being dominated by Salmonella, which represent 2/3 of the cases; 99 p. 100 of the Salmonella strains are resistant to one or many antibacterial drugs. Seventy-nine of the infants and children died (8 p. 100): may be measles and malnutrition have played an important role in this wrong clinic evolution.
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PMID:[Epidemiological and etiologic aspects of children acute gastro-enteritis in Kinshasa (author's transl)]. 733 19

Severe anemia has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children of Southern Ghana since the early 1960s. Cases of anemia and anemia-associated mortality in the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, that occurred from January to December 1991 were reviewed. Data on hemoglobin levels, hypochromia, and malaria parasitemia of children referred from January to December 1991 were collected and analyzed to determine the prevalence of moderate/severe malaria parasitemia, anemia, and severe anemia. 10,989 (71.1%) of 15,450 children attending KBTH referred to the laboratory for hematological studies had hemoglobin (Hb) levels below 11.0 g/dl; while 3049 children (27.7%) of anemic patients had Hb levels below 7.0 g/dl. Of these 3049 children with severe anemia, 2185 (71.7%) had Hb levels below 5.0 g/dl, thus requiring urgent blood transfusion. Though the Department of Child Health alone utilized 32.2% of total blood processed by the National Blood Transfusion Service at KBTH, as many as 259 (58.1%) of the 554 deaths (306 male and 248 female) in the emergency room in children beyond the neonatal period were related to severe anemia. The main causes were nutritional anemia (n = 135), anemia associated with severe malaria (n = 56), anemia associated with sickle cell disease (n = 28), anemia associated with protein-energy malnutrition (n = 22), and 18 cases of anemia complicating gastroenteritis, pneumonia, meningitis, and convulsions. 108 (19.5%) deaths occurred because of neonatal sepsis, severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, meningitis and bronchopneumonia, severe anemia secondary to hemorrhage of the newborn, and faulty cord ligation. A significant decline occurred in the prevalence of childhood anemia in the developed world following improved counseling in nutrition, fortification of foods with iron, and iron supplementation to infants and schoolchildren with the attendant improvement in growth velocity and intellectual performance. A planned national anemia survey and early consideration of iron supplementation to older infants and preschool children at risk are recommended.
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PMID:Childhood deaths from anaemia in Accra, Ghana. 749 16


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