Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, gastroenteritis is a leading cause of admission to Children's Hospital. A prospective study of 254 children between the ages of 0-5 admitted over a 4-month period for acute diarrhea was undertaken. Information was obtained from parents about each child's history and the children were medically examined and weighed before and after treatment. Blood urea and electrolytes were estimated and stools examined for parasites and bacteria. Almost 85% of the babies were under 1 year old, 46.5% were less than 5 months. 35.6% had normal weights for age; 25.6%, 1st degree malnutrition; 26.4%, 2nd degree and 12.4%, 3rd degree malnutrition. The severely malnourished were all marasmic, except for 6 who had kwashiorkor, alone or with marasmus. 65.4% were bottle fed but only 20% of the mothers used boiling or chemical means of sterilizing the bottles. Isonatremic dehydration accounted for 73% of the dehydrated infants or children, hyponatremia for 14% and hypernatremia for 13%. 11.8% were graded severely dehydrated on admission. Mothers of children with hypotonic dehydration tended to dilute the feeds, while mothers of hypertonic dehydrated children tended to concentrate them. The overall isolation rate for bacteria and parasites was 33.8%, including salmonella, entero-pathogenic E. coli, Giardia lambia and shigella species. 23 children died; mortality was highest in the younger age group, among babies who were bottle fed, among the more severely dehydrated and among those with hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration. The study results are comparable with incidence reported in proximal areas. The high incidence of bottlefeeding and the consequences to infant health as a major cause of morbidity is of concern. The mild cases of dehydration could be treated on an outpatient basis if adequate facilities are accessible to the population.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis among children in Riyadh: a prospective analysis of 254 hospital admissions. 618 53

A review of the clinical course of gastroenteritis in 274 hospitalized children revealed a severe form of the disease. Eight-eight per cent were aged 12 months or under and 20% had severe associated malnutrition. The commonest clinical manifestations were diarrhoea (100%), dehydration (98.9%), vomiting (81.4%) and fever (77.7%). Pathogens were isolated from 75.2% of cases (rotavirus 24.5%, Escherichia coli 20.8%, salmonellae 20%, shigellae 6.2%, campylobacter 2.2% and Yersinia enterocolitica in 1.5%). Septicaemia was confirmed in 12 patients (4.4%) and strong clinical evidence of septicaemia was present in 36 more cases (13%). Dehydration was isonatraemic in 68%, hyponatraemic in 21% and hypernatraemic in 11% of cases. There was a clear association between septicaemia and hyponatraemia. The overall mortality rate was 1.8%. Data from our study show that the use of intravenous hyperalimentation, and/or antibiotics in the management of gastroenteritis in selected patients, can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis in a regional hospital in Kuwait: some aspects of the disease. 619 27

During a three-year period, 336029 children were accorded ambulatory care and 40 492 children were admitted to the Institute of Child Health, Kabul, for in-patient treatment. Sixty-three per cent were boys. Three-quarters (75.3%) were under five years of age and provided 81.7% of the overall mortality. Children with acute gastroenteritis and respiratory infections together accounted for 49.9% of all admissions and 34.5% of all deaths. Malnutrition of varying degrees was a core problem and was seen in 67% of hospitalized children. The infectious diseases as a single group accounted for 70.7% of the morbidity and 71.9% of the mortality. Septicaemia and infections of the central nervous system were associated with the highest case fatality rates, especially among newborn babies. Six-target diseases and accidents accounted respectively for 10.4 and 9.7% of all deaths. Sixty-three per cent of children died within 24 hours of admission and the majority of deaths occurred after regular hospital working hours. In order to safeguard the well being of children in Afghanistan, and to reduce their morbidity and mortality, it will be mandatory to ensure effective delivery of primary health care, improve nutritional standards, provide safe drinking water, immunize the vulnerable population, make free elementary education universal and improve the lot of women and future mothers.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality in childhood in Afghanistan: a study of 40 492, consecutive admissions to the Institute of Child Health, Kabul. 619 45

Thirty-three babies and their mothers, all school girls, identified out of a total of 576 admissions to the Paediatric unit of the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa , Nigeria over a three month period were studied. Twenty (60.0%) of the babies were newborn, nine (45%) of whom were premature. Jaundice and infections were other common diagnoses in the neonates. Among the 13 children aged over one month protein-energy malnutrition, gastroenteritis and pneumonia were the commonest reasons for admission. Of the total 33, five (38.5%) had had previous admissions and two (6%) died. Both the numbers of premature neonates and of malnourished older children born to young mothers were significantly higher than those of similar aged admissions born to older mothers (P less than 0.001, in both cases). Thirty-two (97%) mothers were unmarried teenagers and there was a disparity between the academic classes and ages at conception in 15 (45.4%) of the mothers. Whilst significant numbers of the mothers were poorly adjusted to the demands of motherhood, varying numbers of the fathers were young, unemployed, in school and negative in their attitudes to the pregnancies and their products. Suggestions are offered for meeting the challenges posed by school age pregnancy and parenthood in a developing country.
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PMID:School age pregnancies in western Nigeria: parents and products. 620 71

A blind controlled trial was performed to test the hypothesis that early introduction of full-strength cow's milk (FCM) during an attack of acute infantile gastroenteritis does not prolong the course of the illness. A total of 74 children matched for age was admitted to the trial, which compared the effect of FCM with that of graduated milk (the strength of which was gradually increased). Thirteen children (17.5%) were withdrawn because of lactose malabsorption; of those remaining, 29 were given FCM and 32 graduated milk. The mean duration of diarrhoea was 2,62 days for those on FCM and 2,64 days for those given graduated milk (P = 0,71, not significant). Early introduction of FCM therefore does not prolong the course of acute infantile gastroenteritis. Because of the prevalence of malnutrition in South Africa the practice of giving clear fluids or diluted milk during an attack of gastro-enteritis is unnecessary and dangerous.
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PMID:Early introduction of milk feeds in acute infantile gastro-enteritis. A controlled study. 636 96

During a one-year period, 315 of 5,397 children admitted to the general pediatric wards of a hospital had bacteremia. The commonest causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, Hemophilus influenzae, and Escherichia coli. Most episodes of bacteremia were associated with gastroenteritis, pneumonia, or meningitis. Seventy-eight episodes occurred in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition, and 46 episodes were hospital acquired. The overall case fatality rate was 23.2%, being highest in children with severe malnutrition and in those with other underlying conditions. The high proportion of bacteremias due to S pneumoniae and S enteritidis possibly reflects infections occurring in a lower socioeconomic group living in a temperate climate in crowded conditions. The most appropriate antimicrobial therapy for children who have suspected bacteremia in association with gastroenteritis or severe malnutrition is a combination of ampicillin sodium and gentamicin sulfate.
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PMID:Bacteremia in hospitalized black South African children. A one-year study emphasizing nosocomial bacteremia and bacteremia in severely malnourished children. 637 39

Two neonates with milk intolerance and two older infants, one with acute gastroenteritis and the other with prolonged malnutrition, developed chronic diarrhea. Despite bowel rest, total parenteral nutrition, and alterations in the protein and carbohydrate content of the milk preparations used, every attempt to feed them resulted in diarrhea. All four patients were given aluminum hydroxide because of its bile salt-binding activity and its tendency to cause constipation. Coincident with its administration the diarrhea stopped and the enteral feedings were successfully reinstituted. The only complication seen was the development of constipation in two of the infants; this responded to lowering of the dose of the aluminum hydroxide.
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PMID:Aluminum hydroxide in the symptomatic treatment of infants with chronic diarrhea. 641 36

Eighty-eight patients with severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) admitted into the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria over a 9-month period were studied to define the patterns and factors encountered currently in PEM. Severe PEM now occurs predominantly in the 6- to 18-month age group, which is earlier than was reported previously. The majority of the parents were Yoruba Christians and were low-income workers or unemployed. Poverty was a factor in 54.5 percent. Most of the parents were literate. About half of the families were polygamous. The prevalence of social problems was high, with 72.7 percent of the parents living apart. Attacks of measles and recurrent or prolonged gastroenteritis were preceding precipitating factors in 30.7 percent and 33 percent of the patients, respectively. Failure or cessation of breast-feeding or bottle-feeding with cow's milk from the first month of life preceded the development of PEM in a large percentage of patients. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:The present day epidemiology of severe protein-energy malnutrition in Nigeria. 643 22

A rural development project carried out in Southern Zimbabwe for 5 years was aimed at improving nutrition, combatting diseases, educating villagers about proper hygiene, improving water quality, and assessing the development and nutritional status of children under 5. The community investigated consisted of 10,000 people or 1,439 families with an average of 7 persons per family. The main staple of their diet was maize, and malnutrition was prevalent. Water holes infested with bilharzia were the source of drinking water for both man and animal. The project succeeded in vaccinating 90% of preschool children against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, and tuberculosis. A control district was chosen to compare the developmental data obtained by the Cole Slide Rule Calculator of 229 children under 5 with those of 242 children in the project. Malnutrition was studied in 200 children hospitalized in the children's ward of a district hospital, 1/3 of whom were less than 1 year old. Gastroenteritis, giardiasis and amebiasis were prevalent among them (37%), as were upper respiratory infections (27%), pneumonia (12%), and skin infections (7%). Nonspecific gastroenteritis was found in 86% of children under 2. Most over 2 were severely undernourished. A nutritional rehabilitation village called Hutano Village was established in 1982 to function as a nutritional center, staffed by a full-time health worker and an assistant. In the 1st 9 months of its existence, 114 children were taken in, and the mothers received instruction in vegetable gardening, raising chickens and rabbits, hygiene, and family planning. The average attendance runs to 25 children and 15 to 17 mothers. In spite of successful medical intervention in malnutrition cases, the relapse of children into an undernourished state remains a difficult issue, whose cause lies in inadequate water supply, poor soil, lack of resources, and low family socio-economic status.
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PMID:[Improved health in Zimbabwe's rural areas as a result of the rural development project]. 648 96

The child in Nigeria is loved and pampered but food may be scarce or inadequate in nutrients, and he/she has overcrowding and poor sanitation to deal with as well as a maze of conflicting and hybrid values and way of life. Statistics show that in black Africa 1 child out of 5 will survive up to his 5th birthday. The infant mortality rate is high primarily because of inadequate nutrition and communicable diseases. The 10 most common diseases in Africa from 4 sample countries, i.e., Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya are: malaria; gastroenteritis, measles; respiratory tract infections; malnutrition; intestinal worm, anemias; tetanus; meningitis; and tuberuclosis. All these diseases are preventable, but prevention is more difficult because there are few health workers and inadequate facilities. 80 pediatricians and a few unrecognized pediatric trained nurses look after about 40 million children in Nigeria. Nutrition plays a prominent role in both growth and development. Local food may be plentiful but some families are unable to balance their diets. There is malnutrition or undernutrition because of ignorance, poverty, and feeding habits. In Africa the effect of malnutrition is most marked during weaning. In a traditional African society a child does not lack for love and affection. There are no unwanted pregnancies, no motherless children, no unmarried women, for the extended family system absorbs many of these shocks. The circumstances of the family are related to the incidence of child abuse, which is increasing. Children are used as cheap labor by both parents and guardians. In the current 5-year development plan, the government is making a bold step in health care. Some of the major goals of this 4th 5-year development plan in health care delivery include: rapid expansion of facilities to achieve 100% primary health care coverage by the year 2000; emphasizing preventive care; decentralization so that the local government areas are implementation units; modification of the health care system to suit local conditions and resources; and crash training programs for various health personnel. Suggestions of this author include the following: the full implementation of the health plan; education; school health service; the provision of school children with 1 balanced meal per school day; the preparation of inexpensive baby foods with local foodstuff demonstrated to mothers' groups; and the development of day care centers.
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PMID:Nigeria: child health. 655 Mar 10


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