Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixteen children with refractory diarrhea and three malnourished children who had frequent episodes of acute gastroenteritis but little diarrhea at the time of hospital admission, were studied by peroral upper small intestinal biopsy. Six children were adequately nourished; five children weighed 62 to 79% of expected weight and eight weighed less than 60% of expected weight. Two of the malnourished children had giardiasis. Pathogenic bacteria were found in only one case. Varying degrees of mucosal atrophy with reduction of mean villous height were seen in 18 cases. The concentration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and plasma cells was about half that seen in well-nourished children with severe nongastrointestinal infections. The concentration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria was about twice that seen in normal adults. The proportions of IgA-producing cells and cells that stained for secretory component were significantly reduced, as compared with normal adult control values. This reduction was most striking in children with malnutrition complicated by giardiasis. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed for leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. There was a tendency for considerably reduced acid phosphatase activity in all clinical groups (kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor and marasmus) of growth-retarded infants.
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PMID:Infantile jejunal mucosa in infection and malnutrition. 10 19

The parents of 200 malnourished childred referred and admitted over the July-December 1976 period to the nutrition wing of the Children's University Teaching Hospital, Zambia, were interviewed in an effort to understand the home environment of malnourished children in Lusaka, Zambia. The 1974 incidence of malnutrition in Zambia was about 23% with higher prevalences of marasmus and moderate malnutrition. There were 9.4% severly malnourished children admitted in 1976 as compared with less than 1% in 1971. Many of these children were admitted very late in a hypothermic shocked state which is directly responsible for the increasing incidence of mortality over these years. Plasma or blood transfusion is a standard procedure in all shocked cases of kwashiorkor, yet many of the children still die within 24 hours of admission. Malnutrition incidence was found to be closely linked to the rise in price index. The majority of the children were admitted from the rainy months November to March, the time associated with a higher incidence of gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and measles. 88% of the children were between 1-3 years old. Marasmus (33.5%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (40.5%) were more frequent. 63% of the malnourished childred had attended the child health clinics in their infancy and were immunized but discontinued attendance one vaccination was completed. The problem of malnutrition was in the toddler age group. 86% of the childred came from urban slums and periurban areas; 83% were from unitary families, living in 1 or 2 bedroom houses with no separate provision for a kitchen. Rural families (14%) were living as joint families. 32% of the children were from large families. 52% of the parents were employed as casual laborers and earning under US $35 per month. There were only 10 families with earnings in excess of US $125 per month and only 8 had good sources of income from farms. As many as 68.5% children were experiencing 1 or more adverse factors which contributed to their present condition. Almost half of the mothers were pregnant or carrying a young child. An alcoholic family, divorce, or separation of parents was frequently observed. Separation from the mother was marked by a deterioration in the health of the children. Only 4 divorced mothers were working to support the family. The remainder were dependent on their parents. 53% of mothers were favorable to family spacing if properly motiavated. A social rehabilitation program should meaningfully involve the family unit. Parental responsibilities must be propagated. Family spacing with health education programs is vital in the improvement of child care.
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PMID:A study of malnourished children in children's hospital Lusaka (Zambia). 26 Jul 44

The cell mediated immunity as expressed by 2,4 DNCB skin sensitivity was measured in 50 healthy Iranian orphans of the age from 15 years. Complete records of the development of these children from birth were available. Children with severe gastroenteritis leading to marasmus and temporary thymic atrophy during the first 6 months of life showed a persistent atopy 1-5 years later. Less severe disease during this time lead to hyporesponsiveness. Similar stress after the 6th month of life did not lead to persistent changes in their cell mediated immunity. The implications of this for the epidemiology of neoplasia and infectious disease are discussed.
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PMID:Persistent cell mediated immune-deficiency following infantile stress during the first 6 months of life. 81 13

Eleven children were identified as being seropositive for HIV-1 at the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia between January 1988 and September 1989. The diagnosis was confirmed by both ELISA and Western blot methods performed at the National Research Institute of Health, Special Laboratory for AIDS. The mean age was 2 years and 5 months, with a range of 1 week to 10 years. There were 7 boys and 4 girls. The most common admitting diagnoses were pneumonia (5), gastroenteritis (5), marasmus (5), disseminated tuberculosis (4), and abandonment (3). One patient had extensive facial molluscum contagiosum. Symptoms at admission or during hospitalization included diarrhoea (9), failure to thrive (8), fever (7), and cough (7). Physical findings included hepatosplenomegaly (5), lymphadenopathy (3), and oral candidiasis (2). No patient with an opportunistic infection or radiographic evidence of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) was identified. Five patients were classified as marasmic and 4 as underweight. Evidence suggestive of encephalopathy (developmental delay and/or microcephaly) was present in 5 patients. The VDRL was non-reactive in the 5 patients in whom it was tested. Nine children were presumed to have acquired the infection by perinatal transmission, though the passive transfer of maternal antibodies or postnatally acquired infection could not be excluded. One child was thought to have acquired the infection by blood transfusion. Three children died during their hospital stay. Paediatric HIV infection exists in Ethiopia; however, these children do not present with characteristic opportunistic infections but with signs and symptoms reflecting the most common paediatric problems seen in the country. Prevention of HIV infection in children entails the prevention of infection in women of childbearing age, counselling of infected women, and effective screening of blood products.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiological features of HIV-1 seropositive hospitalized Ethiopian children. 206 May 7

To focus attention on the problem of infant mortality in Lebanon, data were compiled on infant mortality from 1978 to 1986 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Causes of death are analyzed for 602 males and 398 females. 54.9% deaths occurred at 1 month of age and 77.4% died within the 1st year. Autopsies were performed on .7%. 37.7% of all neonatal deaths were due to neonatal diseases such as hyaline membrane disease, asphyxia neonatorum, immaturity, necrotizing enterocolitis, hemorrhage, hemolysis, meconium aspiration, and kernicterus. Better prenatal care would reduce this group, or the administration of corticosteroids to the mother 24-48 hours prior to delivery, as well as rapid resuscitation at birth and prevention of the 5 curses: hypoxemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypotension, and acidosis. Although unavailable in Lebanon, administration of surfactants through an endotracheal tube would also help. Infections constitute 25.1% of deaths; many are preventable through adequate public health measures and strict personal hygiene, i.e., diseases such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, encephalitis, and 1-2 cases of the following: diphtheria, measles, peritonitis, tetanus, tuberculosis, cytomegalis inclusion, herpes, parathyphoid, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and shigellosis. Congenital diseases were 21.6%. In utero diagnosis could prevent some diseases and in utero treatment is possible for hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. Screening programs postnatally could lead to treatment. 5.9% were malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumors, histocytosis, Wilm's tumor, Ewing sarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Early diagnosis is critical if mortality is to be reduced in this group, but medical advances are still needed. 2.9% are miscellaneous diseases such as poisoning, rheumatic diseases, marasmus, Reye's syndrome, nephrosis, rickets, and epilepsy. Most of these diseases are preventable, except for rheumatic inflammation of the heart. Recommended necessary steps to reduce infant mortality are: prenatal care, diagnosis and screening, intrauterine surgery; resuscitation and intensive care centers with modern equipment and trained personnel; national vaccination and screening programs; adequate public health measures and hygiene; parental education; and well-equipped hospitals to serve all regardless of income level.
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PMID:Pediatric mortality: an avoidable tragedy. 251 28

In 1983, a nutritional support team was formed at the University of Ife-Ife, Nigeria, that used high calorie enteral mixtures successfully for dietary management of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in children. PEM has several causes. Poverty is often cited, but the incidence of mild to severe PEM in children under 5 is higher in the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Egypt and Sudan with per capita gross national product (GNP) above $400 than in Sierra Leone, India, Uganda, and Kenya with GNP below this amount. The consumption of legumes and oil seeds ward off kwashiorkor and marasmus, but in countries with traditional food practices they are not consumed in adequate amounts. Beans, groundnuts, melon seeds, and soya beans are cheap and produced in African and Asian countries. In Nigeria the traditional weaning food is a thin gruel made from maize, sorghum, or millet. Milk, groundnut paste, or sugar is not added. Legumes and other oil seeds are forbidden for children because of deep-rooted cultural practices that favor tubers. Longer duration of breast feeding protects infants from kwashiorkor or marasmus, but the recent drastic change in the pattern with early introduction of artificial feeding has resulted in early appearance of kwashiorkor or gastroenteritis. Low literacy of mothers is another factor, and it inversely correlated with infant mortality. The increase in the level of female literacy and maternal education in less developed countries is a major requirement from governments if they are to combat harmful food taboos. Since Williams associated maize diets with kwashiorkor in 1933, research has show energy deficiency more perilous than protein insufficiency in the treatment and prevention of PEM in these countries.
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PMID:Nutrition support and malnutrition in Nigeria. 314 1

In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, gastroenteritis is a leading cause of admission to Children's Hospital. A prospective study of 254 children between the ages of 0-5 admitted over a 4-month period for acute diarrhea was undertaken. Information was obtained from parents about each child's history and the children were medically examined and weighed before and after treatment. Blood urea and electrolytes were estimated and stools examined for parasites and bacteria. Almost 85% of the babies were under 1 year old, 46.5% were less than 5 months. 35.6% had normal weights for age; 25.6%, 1st degree malnutrition; 26.4%, 2nd degree and 12.4%, 3rd degree malnutrition. The severely malnourished were all marasmic, except for 6 who had kwashiorkor, alone or with marasmus. 65.4% were bottle fed but only 20% of the mothers used boiling or chemical means of sterilizing the bottles. Isonatremic dehydration accounted for 73% of the dehydrated infants or children, hyponatremia for 14% and hypernatremia for 13%. 11.8% were graded severely dehydrated on admission. Mothers of children with hypotonic dehydration tended to dilute the feeds, while mothers of hypertonic dehydrated children tended to concentrate them. The overall isolation rate for bacteria and parasites was 33.8%, including salmonella, entero-pathogenic E. coli, Giardia lambia and shigella species. 23 children died; mortality was highest in the younger age group, among babies who were bottle fed, among the more severely dehydrated and among those with hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration. The study results are comparable with incidence reported in proximal areas. The high incidence of bottlefeeding and the consequences to infant health as a major cause of morbidity is of concern. The mild cases of dehydration could be treated on an outpatient basis if adequate facilities are accessible to the population.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis among children in Riyadh: a prospective analysis of 254 hospital admissions. 618 53

A prospective study of 90 children admitted to Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1992 with severe protein-energy malnutrition assessed the clinical profile and patterns of infection. The children, who ranged in age from 4 to 60 months, suffered from marasmus (49%), marasmic-kwashiorkor (42%), and kwashiorkor (19%). Septicemia, the most alarming complication of severe protein-energy malnutrition, was present in 32 children (36%); gram-negative enteric bacilli were the most common bacterial pathogen. 57 children (63%) had pneumonia and 23 (26%) had tuberculosis. Another 33 (37%) had a urinary tract infection. 17 children (19%) presented with diarrhea, 33 (37%) had clinical and radiologic evidence of rickets, and 15 (17%) had clinical evidence of vitamin A deficiency. There were 29 deaths in this series (from septicemia, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and disseminated tuberculosis), for a case fatality rate of 32%. Mortality was significantly greater among children with a total serum protein of 5 gm% or less and those with systemic infection. This profile differs from those recorded in other developing countries, suggesting that severe protein-energy malnutrition has clinical and geographic heterogeneity.
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PMID:Clinical profile and pattern of infection in Ethiopian children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. 806 77

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and other related enterotoxigenic species were isolated from 176 (44%) of 399 infants hospitalised in 'Caritas Baby Hospital' in Bethlehem, during April-December 1993. Ninety four of the patients infected by ETEC, were clinically evaluated. Most of them suffered from diarrhoea, quite often with fever and vomiting. Dehydration occurred in 58.3% of the patients and failure to thrive (FTT) in 28.5% of them. Severe illness resulted in marasmus in five patients and in the death of two others. Most of the ETEC strains (84%) were of ST toxin type. Correlation was found between the degree of toxigenity and the severity of the gastroenteritis. The most prevalent ETEC "O' serogroups were 0-6, 0-20, 0-8, 0-86, 0-126, 0-128 and 0167. Colonization Factors Antigens (CFAs) were identified in 36% of the isolates, CFAI was characteristic of group 0-126 and 0-128. In the principal O-groups there were high percentages of sensitivity to the antibiotics ceftriaxone, nalidixic-acid, gentamicin and norfloxacin, with resistance to anoxycillin, tetracycline and cotrimoxazole.
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PMID:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in hospitalised Arab infants from Judea area--west bank, Israel. 903 18

This is a retrospective observational hospital-based study aimed to determine the prevalence and outcome of severe acute malnutrition in children less than five years admitted to Omdurman Paediatric Hospital during the period January 2014 to December 2014. Data was collected from patient's hospital records during the study period. Ethical approval and permission to access patients' record were obtained. A total of 593 children with severe malnutrition were identified; 305 of cases were male (51.4%) with a male: female ratio of 1:0.9. The mean age these children was 22.3 months. Children 36-59 months were least affected. 35.4% were classified as low socioeconomic class, 22.9% classified as an average class and there were no sufficient data to classify the remaining. The overall prevalence of severe malnutrition was 6.5%, and the general mortality rate was 2.4% while mortality rate among children with severe malnutrition was 9.3%. Among the 593 admitted children with malnutrition, 407 (68.6%) had marasmus, 141 (23.8%) had kwashiorkor and 45 (7.6%) had marasmic-kwashiorkor. The highest prevalence and mortality rate occurred in September. The most common clinical presentations were gastroenteritis, malaria, urinary tract infections, giardiasis, tuberculosis and AIDS. Only 10.8% of the admitted children were exclusively breast fed for the first three months. 33% were fully vaccinated. Overall 75.7% improved and discharged, 15% discharged against medical advice and 9.3% died. We concluded that prevalence and mortality among children with acute severe malnutrition at Omdurman paediatrics hospital were high, and the current management strategies require review to identify the causes. We recommended adopting policies to manage malnutrition in the community and hospitals.
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PMID:Prevalence and outcome of severe malnutrition in children less than five-year-old in Omdurman Paediatric Hospital, Sudan. 2765 50


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