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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A healthy young man developed acute gastroenteritis after handling an infected bao constrictor. The animal died after contracting "mouth-rot disease", a progressive ulcerative stomatitis of snakes charactistically caused a Aeromonas species. Stool cultures from the patient yielded a heavy growth of Aeromonas (Plesiomonas) shigelloides but no other enteric pathogens. Treatment wit sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim resulted in rapid relief of clinical symptoms. Aeromonas species are not considered part of the normal human fecal flora and gastroenteritis due to this organism is rare. Furthermore, this case appears to represent a new zoonosis: human Aeromonas (Plasiomonas) gastroenteritis derived from contact with an infected animal host.
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PMID:Snake-to-human transmission of Aeromonas (Pl) shigelloides resulting in gastroenteritis. 63 32

Cryptosporidiosis has typically been considered a disease of animals, and the occasional human case has been considered a rare zoonosis or evidence of immunoincompetence. In this report, person-to-person transmission is postulated for illness documented in two of five rooms of a day-care center. Of 46 persons (34 children and 12 staff members), 29 (63%) became ill, and 27 (58.7%) had Cryptosporidium in their stools. Symptoms in children included diarrhea (55%), weight loss (25%), flatulence (15%), and fever (10%). Symptoms of cryptosporidiosis ceased without treatment, and three months later all previously infested children had negative stool specimens. Questionnaires administered to parents revealed no association with water, travel, or ill pets. Cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter were negative; no viral cultures were done. All affected children and their parents were immunocompetent. It is presumed that this outbreak occurred as a result of person-to-person transmission of the protozoa in the day-care centers, primarily by staff with inadequate hygiene practices. Physicians should look for this organism in children or adults who present with diarrhea and gastroenteritis in which the pathogenic agent is not readily identifiable by the usual bacterial cultures.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in a day-care center. 273 10

A 4-year-old FeLV-positive cat with a 1-year history of intermittent diarrhea and subsequent anorexia, depression, and weight loss had enteric cryptosporidiosis at necropsy. Cryptosporidium sp is an important cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhea in various species, including human beings with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A major determinant of the severity of the disease caused by Cryptosporidium sp is the immunologic status of the affected animal. Cryptosporidiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of protracted diarrhea in FeLV-positive cats. Because cryptosporidiosis now is recognized as a zoonosis, cats with this disease should be considered a potential source of human infection.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in a feline leukemia virus-positive cat. 282 11

Campylobacter jejuni has recently been recognized as an important cause of human gastroenteritis in many countries. The clinical features of C. jejuni infections vary from those of a mild gastroenteritis to a severe enterocolitis. The most common symptoms of the disease are fever, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea. The small intestine is the main site of infection, but the colon may also be involved. The main pathogenesis of C. jejuni appears to be invasion of the wall of the gut as in salmonellosis. Isolation of the organism from faeces requires culture in a selective medium containing antibiotics and incubation under reduced oxygen tension at 42 degrees C. Most cases of campylobacter enteritis are sporadic and it is often difficult to confirm their source. Although cross infection between humans occurs rarely, the disease is mainly a zoonosis with many possible routes of infection. Human infections have been associated with the consumption of contaminated food, especially poultry, unpasteurized milk, and water, as well as contact with domestic animals such as dogs and cats. In most cases campylobacter enteritis is a selflimiting disease and therefore decision on treatment should be taken on clinical grounds. When considered necessary, erythromycin is the drug of choice. Information about C. jejuni infection has accumulated rapidly in recent years, but much remains to be learned, especially about its epidemiology.
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PMID:Campylobacter jejuni enteritis; a review. 639 Aug 86

As a consequence of widely spread latent infections, animal health and the necessary examination of livestock have become an indispensable level of quality assurance. While so far, legislation in epizootics did not provide for a control of latent infections with an inapparent clinical course, the EC Directive on Zoonoses which has come into force in 1993 requires such an approach for the first time. As a consequence of the further increase in the number of cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, veterinary medicine and agriculture have been compelled to join forces and institute control measures aimed at rendering stocks most of which are maintained under conditions of intensive keeping free from defined agents of zoonotic diseases. This approached requires four levels of action, i. e. a suitable diagnosis, a creation of healthy stocks, the use of suitable immunoprophylactic methods and a safeguarding of the hygienic status achieved. With the aid of methods of genetic engineering, several research groups try to create the necessary conditions for doing so. They take account of the established knowledge that the necessary consumer protection cannot be afforded any longer because the performance of ante-mortem and post-mortem examination of meat animals is a limited one, unless three limits of quality assurance are adopted, i. e. examination at the farm of origin, ante-mortem and post-mortem examination of meat animals and control of food establishments and foods.
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PMID:[Animal health, food quality and consumer protection as a unit--introduction to a topic]. 792 56

Protothecosis has been reported in humans (gastroenteritis, bursitis, etc.) and in many other animal species. Bovine mastitis represents the main form of occurrence of protothecosis in cattle. Milk as well as dairy products, when contaminated with Prototheca spp., represent a potential means of transmission of this zoonosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of forty Prototheca zopfii strains isolated from milk from intramammary infections in dairy cows and also from bulk milk tanks of dairy farms, to the different ratios of temperature/time employed in the thermal treatment of milk: 72-75 degrees C/15 seconds, 72-75 degrees C/20 seconds and 62-65 degrees C/30 minutes. The samples were subjected to these different temperature/time ratios. The evaluation of the thermal susceptibility of the P. zopfii strains showed that 34 strains were resistant in at least one of the tests. The results point out the need to consider the importance of mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. as representing a public health risk.
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PMID:Evaluation of the susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii to milk pasteurization. 1082 7

Acute gastrointestinal disorders (AGIDs) of presumed infectious origin are common illnesses and among the most frequent infective diseases referred to hospital. Much is known about the diagnosis and aetiology of AGIDs, but relatively little work appears to have been done regarding the assessment of relevant general practitioner (GP) history-taking and the potential for under-recognition of sources such as zoonoses. Established sources of zoonosis (for example exotic pet-keeping, farmyards and zoological parks) seem either rarely considered or annotated. Surveillance of food-borne illness and its aetiology attracts rapidly increasing attention in the public health community and these infections have been targeted for serious reduction. Zoonoses may present as food-borne illness. The aim of this study was to assess the potential for under-ascertainment and under-reporting of important sources of gastrointestinal infection. The study examined history-taking habits among GPs with reference to their general scope for either detecting or missing diverse sources of acute gastrointestinal infections. From a medical practice perspective, more specific identification of pathogenic factors may potentially promote wider preventive measures by alerting the public to unconsidered or recurrent problems. The study was conducted at a busy British health centre that currently accommodates eight GPs and several training personnel. The health centre has approximately 12,000-13,000 patients. The patient presentation records and GP notes were accessed via the health centre's computer database. Data on acute gastrointestinal disorders were obtained using the Read codes for both 'diarrhoea of presumed infectious origin' (DPI) and 'gastroenteritis of presumed infectious origin' (GPI). The first 35 cases were selected from the DPI list (10% of 'names'), and the first 24 cases were selected from the GPI list (10% of 'names'). Symptoms were unspecified in 11 out of the 24 GPI presentations compared to four unspecified out of 35 DPI presentations. Potentially significant history was unspecified in 22 out of the 24 GPI presentations compared to 27 unspecified out of 35 DPI presentations. Among potential sources of infection are: pet shops; exotic and domestic pets; farm animals/environments; and zoos and other wildlife centres. These established sources of potential infection are, however, only infrequently enquired into by GPs; thus their pathological significance may be easily overlooked. By using a standard setting 'pathogen source questionnaire' GPs might alert themselves to domestic or wider media of infection as well as enable more precise cues regarding when to sample and when to refer to hospital.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal disorders: are health care professionals missing zoonotic causes? 1519 55

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis often associated with pork consumption. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to collect preliminary data on the presence of Salmonella enterica in pigs in Piedmont (Italy), through sampling on farm and at slaughter and to gather pilot data on serotypes and phagetypes present in the sampled area and distribution of anti-microbial resistance among isolated strains. Salmonella was detected through culture and identified with Salmonella spp. and Salmonella Typhimurium PCR; positive samples were serotyped, phagetyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Positive samples (from 9% of faeces up to 29% of tonsils) were found in 64% of the herds. Salmonella spp. was retrieved also from scalding water. Most of the isolates were Salmonella Derby, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:-. The results of Salmonella Typhimurium specific PCR suggested that Salmonella 4,5,12:i:- might be unrecognized by serotyping. Anti-microbial resistance was recorded in 75-100% of the isolates. Phagetyping allowed the identification of DT104B and DT46A strains. These results set the bases for further research studies that would aim to estimate the real herd prevalence in Piedmont and the diffusion of serotypes and anti-microbial resistant strains within the same region.
Zoonoses Public Health 2009 Apr
PMID:Detection of Salmonella in finishing pigs on farm and at slaughter in Piedmont, Italy. 1906 72

This study was designed to evaluate the association of potential zoonotic gastroenteritis in children, and specifically giardiasis, salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis, with environmental risk factors in rural areas of Quebec. Notified cases of gastroenteritis in children of 0-4 years of age reported in the period of 1999 through 2006 from municipalities in southern Quebec with <100,000 inhabitants were investigated. Negative binomial regression models accounting for overdispersion and adjusted for clustering were used to estimate relative risks (RR) associated with livestock densities and drinking water quality. Analyses revealed that, during this period, 2500 cases of gastroenteritis were reported in children of 0-4 years, including 819 cases of giardiasis, 690 of salmonellosis and 852 of campylobacteriosis. The incidence rate associated with all potential zoonotic agents reported was 163 cases/100,000 children-years and this was statistically associated with cattle density: RR Quartile 4/Quartile 1 (Q4/Q1) = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.43-2.58. When estimated specifically for each pathogen, incidence rates of giardiasis (RR Q4/Q1 = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.11-2.87), salmonellosis (RR Q4/Q1 = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.15-2.33) and campylobacteriosis (RR Q4/Q1 = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.60-3.68) were also associated with cattle density, with a monotonic increase of RR with increasing animal density. Giardiasis incidence was also positively associated with a poor drinking water quality, although no statistically significant association was found. Our results suggest that, in rural Quebec, bacterial and parasitic enteric infections in young children may be zoonoses related to environmental risk factors and especially cattle production.
Zoonoses Public Health 2010 Dec
PMID:Association between potential zoonotic enteric infections in children and environmental risk factors in Quebec, 1999-2006. 2052 10

Campylobacter enteritis is a zoonosis, an infectious disease transmissible under normal conditions from vertebrate animals to man, presenting a major global public health burden. In this study, Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was employed to identify common genotypes in a collection of 600 Campylobacter isolates in order to investigate if profiles obtained from retail samples of foodstuffs matched genotypes causing illness in the community in Ireland. The Campylobacters were isolated from retail foodstuffs, and cases of gastroenteritis, over the same 20-month period in three population centres in Ireland. The major observation made was of a high level of PFGE-genotype heterogeneity; 236 SmaI discrete genotypes were found in 507 strains successfully analysed. Analysis of the PFGE profiles revealed 22 common profiles amongst food isolates and those causing enteritis in humans. These cojoint PFGE genotypes indicate that 56 (38%) of the human clinical isolates are genetically related to 129 (36%) of the food isolates. The identification of these recurrent PFGE types, in the sampled Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni populations, indicates that a high proportion of Campylobacter isolates found in foods of animal origin also occur in patients with symptoms of enteritis. This data adds weight to the epidemiological hypothesis that a high proportion of human Campylobacter cases are contracted via the handling and consumption of contaminated foodstuffs, in particular poultry.
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PMID:Pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing of human and retail foodstuff Campylobacters: an Irish perspective. 2135 47


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