Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The association between urinary tract infection and diarrhea was investigated in 35 infants with acute gastroenteritis; one case (3%) showed this association, which is less than that observed in previous reports. The clinical picture and laboratory data were not useful for the differentiation of the positive case; the urinalysis was abnormal in the 35 patients. The urine sample for culture taken with the micturition technique, is frequently contamined. The bladder suprapubic puncture for the correct diagnosis of urinary infection is reliable and safe.
 ...
PMID:[Urinary infection in children with acute gastroenteritis]. 742 38

SY5555 in dry syrup (powder which is dissolved before use) or tablet form was given orally to 21 children with acute bacterial infections including 4 with acute pharyngitis, 5 with acute tonsillitis, 7 with acute bronchitis, 2 with acute gastroenteritis, 1 each with scarlet fever, acute lymphadenitis and urinary tract infection. Good to excellent clinical responses were obtained in all of the 21 patients and 8 of 11 strains found as causative organisms in these cases were eradicated and 3 strains were decreased. Loose stools were observed in 3 cases and eosinophilia was observed in 1 case. From the above clinical results, it appears that SY5555 is a useful antibiotic for the treatment of pediatric patients with various bacterial infections.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical studies on SY5555 in pediatrics]. 774 12

Among 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City who have septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, and multiple site infections due to Salmonella, those listed in the New York City AIDS Registry were highly overrepresented. Among the patients listed in the registry, males outnumbered females by 4:1 (septicemia), 9:1 (multiple site infections), 5.6:1 (gastroenteritis), and 2.5:1 (urinary tract infection); among patients not listed, males outnumbered females by 2.7:1 (septicemia), 3:1 (multiple site infections), 1.2:1 (gastroenteritis), and 1.6:1 (urinary tract infection). These results strongly suggest that most nonlisted males with septicemia and multiple site infections, and a minority with gastroenteritis and urinary tract infection, were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. Among individuals who were HIV-positive, or likely to be so, Salmonella enteritidis was more competent in causing septicemia and less competent in causing gastroenteritis than was Salmonella typhimurium; among HIV-negative individuals, the reverse was true. The different capacities for infection with and invasiveness of S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and other Salmonella serotypes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and the use of HIV testing for Salmonella-infected individuals are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and salmonellosis in 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City. 801 16

A prospective study of 90 children admitted to Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1992 with severe protein-energy malnutrition assessed the clinical profile and patterns of infection. The children, who ranged in age from 4 to 60 months, suffered from marasmus (49%), marasmic-kwashiorkor (42%), and kwashiorkor (19%). Septicemia, the most alarming complication of severe protein-energy malnutrition, was present in 32 children (36%); gram-negative enteric bacilli were the most common bacterial pathogen. 57 children (63%) had pneumonia and 23 (26%) had tuberculosis. Another 33 (37%) had a urinary tract infection. 17 children (19%) presented with diarrhea, 33 (37%) had clinical and radiologic evidence of rickets, and 15 (17%) had clinical evidence of vitamin A deficiency. There were 29 deaths in this series (from septicemia, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and disseminated tuberculosis), for a case fatality rate of 32%. Mortality was significantly greater among children with a total serum protein of 5 gm% or less and those with systemic infection. This profile differs from those recorded in other developing countries, suggesting that severe protein-energy malnutrition has clinical and geographic heterogeneity.
 ...
PMID:Clinical profile and pattern of infection in Ethiopian children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. 806 77

Quality health care has been defined as the maximization of desired outcomes while minimizing undesirable consequences. Therefore, the optimal antimicrobial agent for a given clinical condition will be one that is the most rapidly effective, produces the least patient discomfort, results in minimal disruption of the patient's or hospital flora, and causes minimal dissatisfaction with the treatment program and its attendant costs. The clinical utility of antimicrobials is generally judged on the basis of in vitro activity, kinetic disposition, resistance trends, safety, and cost. Fluoroquinolones possess characteristics in each of these areas; for example, broad, potent gram-negative spectrum coupled with excellent oral absorption and tissue penetration, and relative safety and reduced cost compared with parenteral therapy. Drawbacks include the emergence of resistance among certain bacteria, particularly staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, drug interactions that may compromise efficacy, and greater cost than other potentially useful oral antimicrobial agents. Indications for the agents' use can be categorized as appropriate (gram-negative osteomyelitis, complicated urinary tract infection, prostatitis, certain sexually transmitted diseases, bacterial gastroenteritis), potential (gastrointestinal tract decontamination in granulocytopenic patients, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nosocomial pneumonia and bacteremia, eradication of certain bacterial carrier states), or inappropriate (community-acquired pulmonary infections, especially aspiration pneumonitis, serious gram-positive infections, uncomplicated urinary tract infection, surgical prophylaxis except prostatic surgery). Gram-negative osteomyelitis serves as a model to demonstrate the fluoroquinolones as agents for quality health care. Current and future investigations should focus on the cost effectiveness and cost utility of the agents.
 ...
PMID:Therapeutic decisions: assessing clinical fit. 847 33

An audit of ciprofloxacin use at Southmead Hospital, Bristol was carried out for forty patients treated in early 1992 employing a modified Delphi technique with six assessors. Most patients assessed (20/40, 50%) had urinary tract infections (UTIs), 5/40 (12.5%) had chest infections, 4/40 (10%) had bacterial gastroenteritis and 3/40 (7.5%) had either bacteraemia or infection following an orthopaedic procedure. A likely bacterial pathogen was isolated from 32/40 (80%) of patients; 14/32 (44%) had Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and from the remainder Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella spp. (non-typhoid) were cultured. Oral therapy with ciprofloxacin was used in 37 (93%) of the 40 patients, and the three others received iv treatment. In 21/35 (60%) of patients where an assessment was made by majority scoring, a quinolone was felt to be clinically justified. A quinolone was least likely to be thought justified if the patient had a chest infection. The assessors had few concerns about the effectiveness or toxicity of ciprofloxacin but for 41% (14/34) of patients, where there was a majority opinion, a cheaper alternative was felt to be available; most of these patients had hospital-acquired UTIs caused by Enterobacteriaceae. The duration of therapy was felt to be too long in 35% (10/29) of patients, mainly because of prolonged treatment of UTIs. In some cases of P. aeruginosa infection the assessors would have used higher doses than those prescribed. Ciprofloxacin was the quinolone of choice in 24/32 (75%) of assessable cases. Norfloxacin was chosen to treat UTI due to multi-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 6.2% (2/32) cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:An audit of ciprofloxacin use in a district general hospital. 853 66

In a retrospective study of UTI among 54 pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital, a striking finding was that UTI seldom existed as a single condition. In 86 per cent of cases, UTI was part of other common diseases: gastroenteritis (in 35 per cent of UTI patients), protein energy malnutrition (in 43 per cent) and acute respiratory infection (24 per cent). Presenting symptoms were similar in children with or without UTI. Other features included infrequency of urinary tract signs (13 per cent), resistance of infecting organisms to first line antibiotics and urinary tract structural abnormalities in only two patients of 36 investigated by ultrasonograms; both the latter patients had easily diagnosable underlying diseases (TB spine, posterior urethral valves). These findings require confirmation by prospective studies as they may have implications for management of UTI in hospitals in developing countries.
 ...
PMID:Probable association between urinary tract infections (UTI) and common diseases of infancy and childhood: a hospital-based study of UTI in Durban, South Africa. 898 6

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 'fast-tracking' in an academic emergency department (ED) during a period of limited resources and space constraints. This was a prospective, double-blind, comparative clinical trial. Fast-tracking was applied every other day between 08.00 and 17.30 hours. Patients meeting fast-tracking criteria, which were determined as allergy, dyspepsia, hypertension, urinary tract infection, urolithiasis, gastroenteritis, upper airway infection, minor lacerations, and soft tissue injuries with no sign or symptom of life-threatening illness or acute abdomen, were treated by a designated fast-tracking team. In the alternate days fast-tracking was not done, and the patients having the same criteria were recorded and followed as the control group. ED length of stays were determined for each patient, and at time of discharge a questionnaire was applied to determine patient satisfaction. Follow-up was performed by telephone survey at the 5th day of discharge. The median length of stay was 36 minutes for the fast-tracked group compared with 63 minutes for the control group. The application of fast-tracking decreased ED length of stay and improved patient satisfaction in patients presenting with allergy, dyspepsia, upper airway infection, minor laceration, and soft tissue injury, but not in patients with gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, hypertension, and urolithiasis. The rate of follow-up was 81% (n = 217), and there were no complications or hospitalizations to another hospital. It is concluded that fast-tracking is an applicable and useful system in an academic ED with limited resources, and decreases ED length of stay and improves patient satisfaction in a selected group of patients. Determination of fast tracking criteria must be individualized for each hospital according to resources. Additionally, fast-tracking seems to be safe when performed under strict criteria for patient selection.
 ...
PMID:Prospective, double-blind, comparative fast-tracking trial in an academic emergency department during a period of limited resources. 991 44

In humans, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in host defence is controversial. We prospectively studied plasma levels of nitrate, the stable end-product of NO formation, during acute infection in 43 patients controlled with regard to dietary nitrate/nitrite. During acute gastroenteritis the mean plasma nitrate level was significantly increased compared with at recovery 4-5 weeks later (118 vs. 32.5 micromol/l; p < 0.001), in contrast with the findings in patients with acute pneumonia (PN; 34.6 vs. 42.8 micromol/l) or febrile urinary tract infection (UTI; 27.7 vs. 31.3 micromol/l). In a second group of 20 retrospectively studied patients with severe PN or UTI, of whom 70% were bacteraemic, no significantly increased nitrate levels could be demonstrated during the acute stage of infection. These findings indicate that increased NO production, as measured by plasma nitrate, is not a general finding in patients with acute infectious diseases, but may rather be associated with certain pathogens or sites of infection.
 ...
PMID:Plasma nitrate as an index of nitric oxide formation in patients with acute infectious diseases. 1052 82

Long term care facilities (LTCFs) include a variety of different types of healthcare settings, each with their own unique infectious disease problems. This report focuses on the epidemiological considerations, risk factors and types of infections that occur in elderly patients institutionalized in nursing home settings. In the US, the number of patients in nursing homes continues to grow as the population ages. Today, patients in nursing homes have more complicated medical conditions than they did five years ago as they become even more elderly and the trend continues towards shorter and shorter hospital stays in acute care facilities. The patient population in nursing homes is uniquely susceptible to infections because of the physiological changes that occur with ageing, the underlying chronic diseases of the patients and the institutional environment within which residents socialize and live. In addition, in nursing home settings, problems with infections may be more difficult to diagnose because of their subtle presentations, the presence of co-morbid illnesses which obscure the symptoms of infection and the lack of on site diagnostic facilities. Delays in diagnosing and treating infections allow transmission to occur within the facility. Both endemic and epidemic infections occur relatively commonly in nursing homes. The incidence of endemic infections, such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, lower respiratory infections and skin infections, is influenced by the debility level of the patients. Calculations of infection rates are influenced by the intensity of surveillance methods at each institution. Many endemic infections are unpreventable. Epidemic infections account for 10-20% of nursing home infections. These include clusters of upper or lower respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, and catheter-associated UTI's. Epidemic infections are potentially preventable with sound infection control practices. Special attention must be paid to promote universal precautions and give certain patients, such as those with known infection or colonization with Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE, special consideration. The potential for epidemic infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms is real. In the nursing home setting, attention must be given to develop and support strong infection control programmes that can monitor the occurrence of institutionally-acquired infections and initiate control strategies to prevent the spread of epidemic infections. Education in infection control issues and attention to employee health is essential to enable staff to care appropriately for today's nursing home population and to prepare them for the even more complicated patients who will be cared for in this type of setting in future.
 ...
PMID:Residential care and the elderly: the burden of infection. 1065 54


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>