Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two Dutch researchers analyzed detailed standardized annual reports from 17 mission hospitals in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia to determine what can be learned from hospital records on the volume of medical services provided as well as on the incidence and seriousness of major diseases and their patterns of change during 1975-90. These hospitals had more than 1.2 million patients (excluding deliveries, neonates, and premature births) and 67,534 deaths. The number of hospital admissions increased considerably (50-77%) in all countries except Ghana. Yet admission rates (per 1000 population/year) rose at a much lower rate (6-25%) in the three countries, suggesting that population growth accounted for a large part of the increase. During 1975-90, in Ghana, the admission rates decreased by 42% and the number of infectious disease admissions fell by 12%. More than 50% of all admissions were for infectious diseases in Kenya and Tanzania compared to 33% for Zambia and 35% for Ghana. Children aged under 15 years were more likely to be admitted for an infection or infection-related disease than adults (75% vs. 31%). The most common infectious disease responsible for admissions and a cause of death was malaria, probably due to a slowly rising resistance in the malaria parasite, resistance to insecticides in the mosquito, and the decreased immunity of the population due to uncontrolled use of antimalarials. In three countries (except Zambia for admissions and Ghana for causes of death), malaria has risen considerably (p 0.001). The case fatality rate for meningitis had also increased significantly during 1975-90 (p 0.001). Other significant causes of admissions and deaths included pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and tuberculosis. In all four countries, immunizable diseases and measles have declined greatly (p 0.001). Case fatality rates (CFRs) were highest for tetanus (36.7-68.8%) and meningitis (14.7-43%) and lowest for malaria (0.6-4.6%). CFRs for malaria, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia were much higher in adults than in children. These type of data are needed for planning and the operation of curative and preventive care.
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PMID:Analysis of hospital records in four African countries, 1975-1990, with emphasis on infectious diseases. 763 17

Over an 18-month period, from October 1991 through early 1993, a study was carried out in two phases in the pediatric wards of the Eldoret District Hospital to document infant and child morbidity and mortality in the Uasin Gishu district and parts of several surrounding districts in western Kenya. Patient discharge summaries and ward registers were analyzed for age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and outcome. There were a total 4720 pediatric admissions over the period. The most frequent 20 diseases were identified and their respective case fatalities were calculated. 74.5% of the admissions were due to only four diseases: malaria (33.0%), pneumonia (26.8%), gastroenteritis (10%), and measles (7.6%). Malaria was responsible for only 9 (9.1%) of all deaths. The disease specific mortality rate for malaria was 2.2%, 11th among the top 15 diseases. 20 (20.4%) out of a total of 98 deaths were due to pneumonia. Measles was becoming less important as a cause of morbidity because of immunization: in 1991, over 20 cases/per month were admitted, but by 1993 only 6.5 cases/month were admitted, a decrease of 68%. Neonatal tetanus was responsible for 43.2% of neonatal mortality during the 18 months. In addition, 47 infants and children had severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.0 gm%); 8 (17%) of these children died despite emergency blood transfusions. The overall mortality rate in the hospital during the study was 8.2%, which compares with 9.6% reported in Tanzania in 1987. 61 (64.9%) deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization owing to delay in seeking medical care. In a 1988 study in Harare, 201 (43.7%) of 460 deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of admission. Furthermore, during February through June 1992, 29 of 57 children under 2 years of age admitted for gastroenteritis tested positive for HIV antibodies. A retrospective review of the ward register also showed that in 20% of the admissions the outcome was not recorded, in 25% the length of stay could not be determined, and for 8.3% the age of the patient was not recorded.
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PMID:Paediatric morbidity and mortality at the Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 779 68

Infections are the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Bronchopneumonia, meningitis and gastroenteritis are the commonest fatal infections encountered in Ibadan. Tuberculous lymphadenitis, bronchopneumonia and meningitis are other frequent causes of death. The predominant sequela of measles is respiratory tract infection. Another important cause of childhood mortality is cerebral malaria. In half of the cases of tetanus no obvious portal of entry can be found. It is advocated that the implementation of immunization schedules should be vigorously pursued to curtail childhood mortality resulting from infection.
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PMID:Childhood infections in Nigeria: an autopsy study. 834 43

This is a study of 2050 neonatal admissions excluding neonatal tetanus in children hospital CMC Larkana from December, 1988 to July, 1993. Six hundred and eighty-nine cases were admitted in General Paediatrics Ward before establishment of neonatal unit and 1361 cases were admitted in neonatal ward. The aime of study was to compare the disease pattern and mortality rates before and after establishment of a neonatal unit in the same hospital. Number of admissions significantly increased after the establishment of neonatal unit but there was no decline in the mortality. Changes in disease pattern were observed particularly for Gastroenteritis and miscellaneous (undetermined) category. Seventy percent of admissions were males in Ist week of their life. Commonest cause of admission and mortality was birth anoxia.
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PMID:Neonatal disease profile in Larkana before and after establishment of neonatal ward. 868 27

This study determines the pattern of reliability of infant mortality reports in Hong Kong. Data are obtained from annual reports of the director of Medical and Health Services during 1956-88 and the director of Health during 1989-90. Deaths were grouped in 5-year age periods during 1956-90. Infant deaths were registered according to cause based on 3 different versions of the International Classification of Disease into 4 major groups: congenital anomalies, conditions originating in the perinatal period, pneumonia, and all other causes. Preventable infant deaths were grouped into 2 categories based on Bourgeois-Pichat's classification: congenital causes and preventable ones. These 2 causes were plotted on a line chart by quinquennial period. Infant mortality rates (IMR) declined from 60.9/1000 in 1956 to 5.9/1000 in 1990. The neonatal mortality rate declined from 24.2 to 3.8/1000 in the same period. Postneonatal mortality rates declined the most from 36.7 to 2.2/1000. The 3 mortality trends were mostly linear. All 3 rates were highly correlated with each other. Major decreases occurred for pneumonia and other. The other group of infectious diseases that included tuberculosis, tetanus, gastroenteritis, and other diarrheal diseases declined the most rapidly by as much as 66 times. Mortality rates by congenital causes increased during the early period and declined slowly during the 1980s, while proportional mortality continued to increase. 84.6% of all infant deaths during 1986-90 were congenital deaths and deaths occurring in the perinatal period. The authors suggest reducing congenital deaths by imposing public health measures, raising the medical knowledge of the public, and improving the use of modern technology. Conditions originating in the perinatal period could be reduced by addressing intrauterine hypoxia, birth asphyxia, and other respiratory conditions.
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PMID:Trends of infant mortality in Hong Kong (1956-90) and evaluation of preventable infant deaths. 925 97

Oman is generally hot and dry, but the Salalah region in southern Dhofar province is relatively cool and rainy during the summer monsoon, and has a distinctive pattern of infection. Important, notifiable infections in Oman include tuberculosis, brucellosis (endemic in Dhofar), acute gastroenteritis, and viral hepatitis: 4.9% of the adults are seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen and approximately 1.2% for hepatitis C virus. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus is uncommon, and leprosy, rabies, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are rare. Between 1990 and 1998, the incidence of malaria, (>70% due to Plasmodium falciparum) decreased from 32,700 to 882 cases. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania tropica and L. infantum, respectively) and Bancroftian filariasis occur sporadically. Intestinal parasitism ranges from 17% to 42% in different populations. A solitary focus of schistosomiasis mansoni in Dhofar has been eradicated. There are major programs for the elimination of tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria, and to control brucellosis, leishmaniasis, sexually transmitted diseases, trachoma, acute respiratory infection in children, and diarrheal diseases. The Expanded Program on Immunization was introduced in 1981: diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, and probably poliomyelitis have been eliminated.
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PMID:Infectious and tropical diseases in Oman: a review. 1067 71

In the first half of the 20th century, improved living conditions, preventive measures, vaccines and antibiotics led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. It was predicted that the conquest of all infectious diseases was imminent. However, 50 years later, in 1999, they were still the major cause of disease worldwide, and caused nearly one third of all deaths (a total of 55.9 million). The eradication of smallpox in the 1970s and the approaching eradication of poliomyelitis represent major achievements. The prevalence of measles, pertussis and tetanus neonatorum is also markedly reduced, but still 1.5 million children in developing countries die each year because of lack of vaccines. Malaria and tuberculosis are re-emerging. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are the diseases with known aetiology that cause most deaths, altogether 5 million each year. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections cause 6.5 million deaths annually. Infections in the immunocompromised host have become a "trade mark" of today's advanced medicine. Almost every year, new diseases related to new micro-organisms are described; over the last 30 years, approximately 40 new diseases/micro-organisms have been diagnosed. Among the best known are HIV/AIDS, peptic ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, Legionnaires' disease, borreliosis (Lyme disease), hepatitis C, gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus, and Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Antimicrobial resistance development of micro-organisms has become one of the major health problems worldwide; a number of preventive measures are being introduced.
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PMID:[Microorganisms strike back--infectious diseases during the last 50 years]. 1180 14

We were initially highly skeptical that differences in the concentrations of thimerosal in vaccines would have any effect on the incidence rate of neurodevelopmental disorders after childhood immunization. This study presents the first epidemiologic evidence, based upon tens of millions of doses of vaccine administered in the United States, that associates increasing thimerosal from vaccines with neurodevelopmental disorders. Specifically, an analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) database showed statistical increases in the incidence rate of autism (relative risk [RR] = 6.0), mental retardation (RR = 6.1), and speech disorders (RR = 2.2) after thimerosal-containing diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines in comparison with thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines. The male/female ratio indicated that autism (17) and speech disorders (2.3) were reported more in males than females after thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines, whereas mental retardation (1.2) was more evenly reported among male and female vaccine recipients. Controls were employed to determine if biases were present in the data, but none were found. It was determined that overall adverse reactions were reported in similar-aged populations after thimerosal-containing DTaP (2.4 +/- 3.2 years old) and thimerosal-free DTaP (2.1 +/- 2.8 years old) vaccinations. Acute control adverse reactions such as deaths (RR = 1.0), vasculitis (RR = 1.2), seizures (RR = 1.6), ED visits (RR = 1.4), total adverse reactions (RR = 1.4), and gastroenteritis (RR = 1.1) were reported similarly after thimerosal-containing and thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines. An association between neurodevelopmental disorders and thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines was found, but additional studies should be conducted to confirm and extend this study.
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PMID:Neurodevelopmental disorders after thimerosal-containing vaccines: a brief communication. 1453 May 5

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It may be pre-renal, intrinsic, or post-renal (obstructive) in aetiology. ARF was investigated in children in the south-southern part of Nigeria to determine the prevalence, aetiology, management and outcome of ARF. A retrospective review of data from all children from birth to 16 years of age admitted into the Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), with the diagnosis of ARF over an 18 year period (January 1985 to December 2003) was performed. Information was obtained about the age, sex, clinical features, blood pressure, laboratory and radiological investigations, aetiology, and treatment received including dialysis. Information on the outcome, factors influencing outcome, and possible causes of death were reviewed. There were 211 patients, 138 (65.4%) males and 73 (34.6%) females (M:F, 1.9:1), with a hospital prevalence of 11.7 cases/year. The patients were aged 5 days to 16 years (mean 5.6+/-4.7 years). Oliguria was the most common clinical presentation in 184 (87.2%) patients. Hypertension was seen in only 39 (18.5%) patients. The causes were age-related. The neonates had ARF from severe birth asphyxia 27 (35.5%), septicaemia 17 (22.4%), with tetanus 4 (5.3%) and congenital malformations 11 (14.5%). Sixty-one (28.9%) and 29 (13.7%) patients had ARF from gastroenteritis and malaria respectively. The patients with leukaemia were all more than 10 years old and had acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Two patients (1.9%) had Burkitts lymphoma involving the abdomen and 3 patients had HIVAN. 112 (53%) patients had anaemia with a mean haematocrit of 20.25+/-6.9%. Dialysis was indicated in 108 patients, but only 24 patients (22.2%) had peritoneal dialysis (PD), because of financial constraints and lack of dialysis equipment. Mortality rate was 40.5%. The causes of death were uraemia 60 (70.6%), overwhelming infection 5 (5.9%), and recurrent anaemia 20 (23.5%). Hypertension (X2 15.7, P<0.001) and lack of dialysis (X2 7.96, P<0.01) significantly affected outcome. Other factors associated with demise were delayed presentation (58.8%), use of herbal treatment (35%), and unaffordability of treatment (40%). ARF is a significant cause of mortality in Nigerian children. The patients are not adequately managed because of poverty and lack of facilities for dialysis. The causes of ARF in our environment are preventable, and should be expected.
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PMID:Acute renal failure in Nigerian children: Port Harcourt experience. 1594 80

In contrast to other mucosal sites, information on migration/homing of lymphocytes activated in the human urinary tract is lacking. The expression of lymphocyte homing receptors (HR) on pathogen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) originating from the urinary tract (patients with pyelonephritis, PN) was compared to that on antigen-specific ASC originating from the intestine (patients with gastroenteritis) or from a parenteral site (tetanus toxoid-immunized volunteers). In the PN group, 61% of ASC expressed the gut HR, alpha(4)beta(7,) 52% the peripheral lymph node HR, L-selectin, and 13% the skin HR, CLA. This homing profile of urinary tract-originating lymphocytes was found to differ from both of the two major vaccination routes, intestinal (less gut-targeting) or parenteral (more gut-targeting, less targeting to parenteral sites). This information on targeting of the immune response may prove useful when developing vaccines against urinary tract infection (UTI).
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PMID:Distinctive homing profile of pathogen-specific activated lymphocytes in human urinary tract infection. 1858 60


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