Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to shed some light on the different opinions regarding the importance of Salmonella infections in dogs, we gathered some data from our laboratory database. Of the 6589 faecal samples from diarrhoeic dogs examined, 69 (1%) yielded Salmonella spp. Another eleven isolates were cultured from materials other than faeces. If Salmonella spp. can be cultured directly from faeces, this should be interpreted as clinically significant; however, even if the organism is found only after enrichment it may still be a clinical case. Antibiotic therapy is indicated in all dogs that are severely ill or have systemic infection, fluoroquinolones or trimethoprim/sulphonamides being drugs of choice. Double-blind placebo-controlled studies of humans with gastroenteritis have shown that the length of postconvalescent excretion of Salmonella is not affected by antimicrobials. For the elimination of the carrier state, however, fluoroquinolones are successful in human medicine. Salmonellae are zoonotic agents and transmission from dog to man has been reported. This should be taken into account when deciding on antimicrobial therapy. Of our isolates (n = 80), 96% were susceptible to enrofloxacin, 94% to trimethoprim/sulphonamides, 94% to gentamicin, 86% to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 47% to cephalexin and 63% to tetracycline.
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PMID:[Salmonella enteritis in dogs, not relevant?]. 1249 70

Salmonella is a common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States. The epidemiology and costs of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in California from 1990 through 1999 are described using surveillance, hospitalization, and death data. Trends in Salmonella rates and factors associated with prolonged hospitalization were evaluated using Poisson and linear regression models, respectively. There were 56,660 reported cases, 11,102 hospitalizations, and 74 deaths attributed to Samonella. Reported case and hospital discharge rates have decreased since 1996. Among reported cases, infants had the highest rate (121 cases per 10(5) person-years), followed by children 1-4 years of age (40 cases per 10(5) person-years). The highest hospitalization rates were among the elderly and young children. Most deaths occurred among persons aged 65 or more years (59%). Among hospitalizations, gastroenteritis (61%) and septicemia (23%) were the most common Salmonella diagnoses. Salmonella pneumonia patients were the oldest (median age, 55 years) and Salmonella meningitis patients the youngest (median age, 0.3 years). These two diagnoses were the costliest, approaching 30,000 dollars (median) per hospitalization. Having an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis or multiple Salmonella diagnoses was independently associated with prolonged hospitalization. The estimated 10-year hospitalization costs for Salmonella were $200 million. Salmonellosis is a costly disease that disproportionately affects the young and elderly.
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PMID:Epidemiology of salmonellosis in California, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. 1469 66

The occurrence of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) phage types (PTs) in samples collected from healthy and diseased chickens, in outbreaks of human gastroenteritis related to the consumption of egg products, in samples of poultry meat, in pipped embryos of broiler chickens, in meat meal, in poultry-rearing environments, and in many foods (cheese, mayonnaise, cake, and bacon) is described for strains isolated from 1995 to 1997 in Brazil. SE strains were isolated, and the most common PT was found to be PT 4, followed by PTs 7, 21, 35, 6, 4a, 8, 30, 6a, 5a, 1, and 1b. Fourteen strains were classified as react-but-do-not-conform strains, and one strain was not typeable. The results of this study demonstrate that PT 4 has a wider distribution among the sources studied than do any other SE phage types and is the most important phage type in human salmonellosis.
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PMID:Phage typing of Salmonella enteritidis from different sources in Brazil. 1259 96

We describe a 23-month-old boy with pyomyositis of the vastus medialis muscle caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Such focal Salmonella infections are uncommon in soft tissue. It is noteworthy of this case that there were no antecedent signs of gastroenteritis and no underlying medical condition. MRI, in particular the fat-suppressed T2-weighted sequence, is helpful for establishing the diagnosis and differentiating pyomyositis from other pathological conditions.
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PMID:Pyomyositis of the vastus medialis muscle associated with Salmonella enteritidis in a child. 1281 36

Results of the Dutch laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteritis between 1991 and 2001 are presented and compared with recent findings in general practices and in the community. Between 1996 and 2000 the mean annual number of stools screened by sentinel laboratories was about 1000 samples/100,000 inhabitants, which is 4% of the estimated annual incidence of gastroenteritis in the Dutch population. Campylobacter (36/100,000 inhabitants) and salmonella (24/100,000 inhabitants) were the main pathogens isolated. Since 1996, the incidence of laboratory confirmed salmonellosis decreased by 30%, predominantly among young children. The incidence of campylobacter was highest in urban areas and Salmonella Enteritidis emerged as the predominant serotype in urban areas. Between 1991 and 2001, multi-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 emerged to comprise up to 15% of all salmonella isolates in 2001. Reported rates of Shigella spp. and Yersinia spp. varied little, with average annual incidences of 3.2 and 1.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Escherichia coli O157 (90% STEC) was scarcely found (0.26/100,000).
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PMID:Laboratory surveillance of bacterial gastroenteric pathogens in The Netherlands, 1991-2001. 1282 27

A newborn baby was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of St Germain en Laye Hospital (France) because of premature birth. On day 12, he contracted gastroenteritis due to Salmonella brandenbourg. The salmonellosis led to a septic shock syndrome with a brief cardiopulmonary arrest. He was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and gentamicin, and the evolution was favorable. Microbiological investigations revealed that the mother was the vector for this nosocomial infection. S. brandenbourg was isolated from the feces of the baby, despite recent recommendations on managing stool specimens from patients hospitalized for more than three days: according to these recommendations, these stools should be processed for viruses and Clostridium difficile toxin only.
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PMID:A parent as a vector of Salmonella brandenburg nosocomial infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. 1284 35

Acute renal failure is a known complication to Salmonella gastroenteritis, and patients with chronic renal failure or impaired host defence are at increased risk. In the two presented cases there had been a few days of gastroenteritis before the hospitalisation, but the only symptoms at the admission were fatigue and dyspnoea. In both cases severe uraemia had developed and the patients and their physicians did not expect the episode of gastroenteritis to be the only etiology of acute renal failure. Both patients had normal renal histology and Salmonella was grown in their faeces. Subsequently, their renal function was normalised. In these patients dialysis and renal biopsies would have been unnecessary if the ability of even a moderate Salmonella infection to cause acute renal failure in a healthy subject had been realised and prompt rehydration had been initiated.
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PMID:[Salmonella infection complicated with acute renal failure]. 1285 71

In 2002, OzFoodNet continued to enhance surveillance of foodborne diseases across Australia. The OzFoodNet network expanded to cover all Australian states and territories in 2002. The National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health together with OzFoodNet concluded a national survey of gastroenteritis, which found that there were 17.2 (95% C.I. 14.5-19.9) million cases of gastroenteritis each year in Australia. The credible range of gastroenteritis that may be due to food each year is between 4.0-6.9 million cases with a mid-point of 5.4 million. During 2002, there were 23,434 notifications of eight bacterial diseases that may have been foodborne, which was a 7.7 per cent increase over the mean of the previous four years. There were 14,716 cases of campylobacteriosis, 7,917 cases of salmonellosis, 505 cases of shigellosis, 99 cases of yersiniosis, 64 cases of typhoid, 62 cases of listeriosis, 58 cases of shiga toxin producing E. coli and 13 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. OzFoodNet sites reported 92 foodborne disease outbreaks affecting 1,819 persons, of whom 5.6 per cent (103/1,819) were hospitalised and two people died. There was a wide range of foods implicated in these outbreaks and the most common agent was Salmonella Typhimurium. Sites reported two outbreaks with potential for international spread involving contaminated tahini from Egypt resulting in an outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo infection and an outbreak of suspected norovirus infection associated with imported Japanese oysters. In addition, there were three outbreaks associated with animal petting zoos or poultry hatching programs and 318 outbreaks of suspected person-to-person transmission. Sites conducted 100 investigations into clusters of gastrointestinal illness where a source could not be identified, including three multi-state outbreaks of salmonellosis. OzFoodNet identified important risk factors for foodborne disease infection, including: Salmonella infections due to chicken and egg consumption, bakeries as a source of Salmonella infection, and problems associated with spit roast meals served by mobile caterers. There were marked improvements in surveillance during 2002, with all jurisdictions contributing to national cluster reports, increasing use of analytical studies to investigate outbreaks and 96.9 per cent of Salmonella notifications on state and territory surveillance databases recording complete information about serotype and phage type. During 2002, there were several investigations that showed the benefits of national collaboration to control foodborne disease. Sharing surveillance data from animals, humans and foods and rapid sharing of molecular typing information for human isolates of potentially foodborne organisms could further improve surveillance of foodborne disease in Australia.
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PMID:Foodborne disease in Australia: incidence, notifications and outbreaks. Annual report of the OzFoodNet network, 2002. 1292 36

The gastroenteritis-causing pathogen Salmonella typhimurium induces profound transcriptional changes in intestinal epithelia resulting in the recruitment of neutrophils whose presence is the histopathologic hallmark of salmonellosis. Here we used cDNA microarray expression profiling to define the molecular determinants that mediate such changes in model intestinal epithelia. Enteropathogenic Salmonella induced a classical proinflammatory gene expression program similar to that activated by the canonical proinflammatory agonist TNF-alpha. Nonproinflammatory bacteria, both commensals (Escherichia coli) and systemic pathogens (S. typhi), did not activate this expression profile. While S. typhimurium strains lacking the SPI-1-encoded type III system were fully proinflammatory, strains lacking the genes for the flagellar structural component flagellin were nearly devoid of proinflammatory signaling. Lastly, the epithelial proinflammatory response could be largely recapitulated by basolateral addition of purified flagellin. Thus, S. typhimurium flagellin is the major molecular trigger by which this pathogen activates gut epithelial proinflammatory gene expression.
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PMID:Flagellin is the major proinflammatory determinant of enteropathogenic Salmonella. 1450 Jun 64

During 1998-2002, CDC received reports from state health departments regarding Salmonella infections in persons who had contact with reptiles (e.g., lizards, snakes, and turtles). Salmonella infections usually cause gastroenteritis but can result in invasive illness (e.g., septicemia and meningitis), especially in infants and immunocompromised persons. For decades, reptiles have been known as a source for salmonellosis; however, numerous reptile owners remain unaware that reptile contact places them and other household members, including children, at greater risk for salmonellosis. Increasing evidence suggests that amphibians (e.g., frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders) also can pose risks for salmonellosis in humans. This report describes cases of reptile-associated salmonellosis in six states, offers recommendations on preventing transmission of Salmonella from reptiles and amphibians to humans, and provides an update on state regulations mandating education at pet stores about salmonellosis.
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PMID:Reptile-associated salmonellosis--selected states, 1998-2002. 1466 12


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