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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nontyphoidal Salmonella are important foodborne pathogens that cause gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and subsequent focal infection. These hardy bacteria are especially problematic in a wide variety of immunocompromised individuals, including (but not limited to) patients with malignancy, human immunodeficiency virus, or diabetes, and those receiving corticosteroid therapy or treatment with other immunotherapy agents. Endovascular infection and deep bone or visceral abscesses are important complications that may be difficult to treat. The site of infection and the individual's immune status influence treatment choices. The harbingers of resistance of nontyphoidal Salmonella to both fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins have been reported recently, and such resistance is likely to be a therapeutic problem in the future. The current report presents a brief overview of the problems and trends associated with salmonellosis that are of interest to the infectious diseases clinician.
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PMID:Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. 1117 Sep 16

Contamination of a tank water supply system led to an outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul with 28 cases of gastroenteritis amongst over 200 workers at a large construction site. The outbreak was identified following notification of two salmonellosis cases by general practitioners from different towns during March 1999. The source of infection, contaminated drinking water, was identified through environmental sampling and confirmed by epidemiological investigations. Frogs and/or mice may have been the original source of the contamination. This report details control measures, the results of investigations and recommendations for future research.
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PMID:A waterborne outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul. 1119 Aug 15

Salmonella infections lead to several clinical syndromes such as acute gastroenteritis and bacteremia. Less frequent manifestations are extraintestinal focal infections, including urinary tract infections. A 10-month-old boy was admitted to the hospital with recurrent urinary tract infections treated with antibiotics. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from the urine samples obtained in urine bags. The organism was also grown from a suprapreputial swab, but was not grown in the suprapubic urine specimen. Renal ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrogram were found normal. The patient was then circumcised, following with no uropathogens were isolated from the urine. It is believed that circumcision not only prevented further urinary tract infection and protected the case from becoming a carrier of Salmonella typhimurium, it also halted a possible spread of Salmonella infection to the general public.
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PMID:Possible asymptomatic carrier of salmonella typhimurium in the preputium: a case report. 1129 65

The diversity of Salmonella serotype Virchow organisms causing human salmonellosis in a Spanish region over 1990-1996 was studied by genetic and phenotypic procedures. Isolates showing identical DNA fingerprintings (ribotypes, RAPD-, REP- and ERIC-types) were clustered into the same lineage. Eight lineages were defined, of which only one caused diseases throughout the studied period. Eleven phage types (PTs) were represented, the most frequent being PTs 8, 19, 31, throughout the study period, and PT4a only during 1994. Class I integrons with variable regions of 1000-, 1600-, and 2300-bp in size were respectively present in 24, 3 and 5 multiresistant isolates; 43.5% of isolates were susceptible to antimicrobials, the rest were grouped into 17 R-profiles, including from one up to eight resistances. Plasmids could be recovered from 71.5% of isolates and grouped into 25 plasmid profiles (with 1-7 plasmids each); a 3.6 kb cryptic-plasmid and a 60 kb virulence-plasmid were those most frequently found. Phage type, presence and size of integrons, and resistance profile were used to differentiate 39 clones. During the period studied 135 cases of Virchow salmonellosis were identified; 93 were apparently sporadic whereas the remainder were associated with four outbreaks. Infants under 1 year constituted the most frequent age group, with 30 gastroenteritis and two septicaemia episodes. In the four outbreaks, different clones falling into the prevalent lineage were implicated but each clone was involved in only one outbreak.
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PMID:Salmonella serotype Virchow causing salmonellosis in a Spanish region. Characterization and survey of clones by DNA fingerprinting, phage typing and antimicrobial resistance. 1152 73

Salmonella enterica subspecies I, serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, and is used as a mouse model of human typhoid fever. The incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis is increasing worldwide, causing millions of infections and many deaths in the human population each year. Here we sequenced the 4,857-kilobase (kb) chromosome and 94-kb virulence plasmid of S. typhimurium strain LT2. The distribution of close homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 genes in eight related enterobacteria was determined using previously completed genomes of three related bacteria, sample sequencing of both S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hybridization of three unsequenced genomes to a microarray of S. typhimurium LT2 genes. Lateral transfer of genes is frequent, with 11% of the S. typhimurium LT2 genes missing from S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi), and 29% missing from Escherichia coli K12. The 352 gene homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 confined to subspecies I of S. enterica-containing most mammalian and bird pathogens-are useful for studies of epidemiology, host specificity and pathogenesis. Most of these homologues were previously unknown, and 50 may be exported to the periplasm or outer membrane, rendering them accessible as therapeutic or vaccine targets.
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PMID:Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. 1167 9

Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterized by extended myolysis, elevation of serum aminotransferases and creatine kinase, and myoglobinuria. It is a rare but well-established complication of a spectrum of infectious diseases. Salmonella infections have been connected with this syndrome as well. We present here the case of a 58-year-old female affected by Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, a type of hereditary neuropathy, who presented with acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis syndrome in the course of Salmonella infantis gastroenteritis. We formed some considerations on the pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis in this specific setting based on certain experimental works on the Salmonella pathogenic cycle. We concluded that the calcium-dependent mechanism coupled with a predisposing factor might be of major significance in the development of this complication.
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PMID:Salmonella infection-associated acute rhabdomyolysis. Some pathogenic considerations. 1203 41

This study involved 82 Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg isolates from patients with gastroenteritis and/or focal infections, healthy carriers, and cuttlefish chips which were epidemiologically linked to a major outbreak that had affected 1,505 people in Japan between 1998 and 1999. We concurrently investigated four different molecular subtyping methods using human salmonellosis-associated Salmonella serovars and their applicability in detection of serovar Oranienburg in an outbreak. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic sequence PCR (ERIC2-PCR), or 16S/23S rRNA ribotyping provided a high degree of interserovar discrimination for most of the serovars, with PFGE being the most discriminatory. For intraserovar typing of serovar Oranienburg, ERIC2-PCR was found to be the most sensitive. Native plasmid profiling, however, revealed nine different subgroups among epidemiologically and genetically related outbreak strains. Using these methods, a link was confirmed between food (cuttlefish chips) and patients in the serovar Oranienburg outbreak. This study underscores the limitations of chromosome-based and plasmid-based typing methods.
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PMID:Molecular subtyping methods for detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg outbreaks. 1203 64

To identify the risk factors for Salmonella bacteremia in infants and children with Salmonella gastroenteritis, a retrospective study of a 10-year period was conducted to evaluate 456 infants and children with culture-proven nontyphoidal Salmonella infection. Salmonella typhimurium was the most common isolate found. Among the 257 patients with gastroenteritis who had a concomitant blood culture performed, 50 exhibited bacteremia. Statistically significant differences were noted between patients with gastroenteritis and bacteremia and those without bacteremia in duration of fever > or = 5 days ( P < 0.001; OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.6 - 12.1) and infection with group D1 Salmonella ( P < 0.001; OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.5 - 16.9) after adjustment for multivariate analysis. Of the 320 Salmonella strains that were serotyped, Salmonella panama was shown to be strongly associated with bacteremia ( P<0.001) in children with gastroenteritis. In summary, in children with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis, prolonged fever lasting 5 days or more and infection with a specific Salmonella serotype were risk factors closely associated with development of bacteremia.
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PMID:Analysis of risk factors for bacteremia in children with nontyphoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis. 1207 40

Nontyphoidal salmonellosis has a wide variety of clinical presentations. With the aim of describing the detailed clinical presentations of gastroenteritis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella spp., findings for 126 patients (1-94 years of age; 37.0 years on average) were analyzed. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is prevalent from April to October in Akita, when the mean atmospheric temperature exceeds 10 degrees C. On physical examination, 3 patients had rebound tenderness and muscle guarding on their abdominal wall; 1 of these patients underwent surgery for associated acute appendicitis. Elderly patients tended to be more seriously affected, resulting in severe dehydration. Elevation of the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level correlated well with a decline in the platelet count. Although nontyphoidal salmonellosis is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis, thorough investigation and meticulous care are required so that conditions requiring surgical treatment or those that are potentially fatal are not overlooked.
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PMID:Analysis of physical and laboratory findings in nontyphoidal salmonellosis. 1237 86

In 2000, the OzFoodNet network was established to enhance surveillance of foodborne diseases across Australia. OzFoodNet consists of 7 sites and covers 68 per cent of Australia's population. During 2001, sites reported 15,815 cases of campylobacteriosis, 6,607 cases of salmonellosis, 326 cases of shigellosis, 71 cases of yersiniosis, 61 cases of listeriosis, 47 cases of shiga-toxin producing E. coli and 5 cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Sites reported 86 foodborne outbreaks affecting 1,768 people, of whom 4.0 per cent (70/1,768) were hospitalised and one person died. There was a wide range of foods implicated in these outbreaks and the most common agent was S. Typhimurium. Sites reported two international outbreaks; one of multi-drug resistant S. Typhimurium Definitive Type 104 due to helva imported from Turkey, and one of S. Stanley associated with dried peanuts from China. The National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health conducted a national survey of gastroenteritis. Preliminary data from interviews of 2,417 people suggests that the incidence of foodborne illness is significantly higher than previously thought. OzFoodNet initiated case control studies into risk factors for Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, and shiga-toxin producing E. coli. OzFoodNet developed a foodborne disease outbreak register for Australia; established a network of laboratories to type Campylobacter; prepared a survey of pathology laboratories; reviewed Australian data on listeriosis; and assessed the usefulness of sentinel surveillance for gastroenteritis. This program of enhanced surveillance has demonstrated its capacity to nationally investigate and determine the causes of foodborne disease.
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PMID:Enhancing foodborne disease surveillance across Australia in 2001: the OzFoodNet Working Group. 1241 2


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