Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stool samples from 692 children hospitalized with symptoms of gastroenteritis, were examined for Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocysts were found in 17 (2.4%) children. There was no association with age, sex or location of household. However, relatively higher rate of oocyst exclusion was found among 2-month- to 3-year-old groups (50%) and among children from villages (43%). Six children from the group of infected were additionally screened for general immunocompetence. Four of these exhibited signs of immunodepletion of IgA isotype in serum. This study has established that cryptosporidiosis occurred rather sporadically among children in the examined groups. Further study was undertaken to provide relevant information whether wild small mammals are a zoonotic reservoir of Cryptosporidium sp. Samples were collected from autumn 1989 until spring 1991 in northern Poland, District Mazury Lake. Twenty percent (66 of 330) of the examined mammals were naturally infected with Cryptosporidium sp.: 55 of 275 Clethrionomys glareolus, 6 of 39 Apodemus flavicollis, and 5 of 16 Sorex araneus were positive. The histological study clearly indicates that the population of C. glareolus was infected with C. parvum. Endogenous stages were found in duodenum near the pylorus. The intensity of infection in those animals was generally low, and relatively small numbers of trophozoites and oocysts were found. This report indicates that C. glareolus and possibly other rodents have the potential to act as reservoirs for C. parvum.
 ...
PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in Poland: clinical, epidemiologic and parasitologic aspects. 801 31

Rotaviruses were detected in 37% (331/895) of stool specimens collected from children with gastroenteritis attending three hospitals in Warsaw between January 1981 and March 1994. An analysis of rotavirus electrophoretypes circulating in Warsaw and Cracow, Poland, over 6 years showed that all 176 electrophoretypes encountered were characteristic of group A rotaviruses. Based on variations in the migration pattern of RNA genome segments when passed through polyacrylamide gels, 10 different electrophoretypes were identified: 86% were long patterns and 14% were short patterns. Mixed infections were observed in two cases.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of rotaviral RNA isolated from children with gastroenteritis in Poland. 901 44

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional drugs. One possible option is to use bacteriophages (phage) as antimicrobial agents. We have conducted a literature review of all Medline citations from 1966-1996 that dealt with the therapeutic use of phage. There were 27 papers from Poland, the Soviet Union, Britain and the U.S.A. The Polish and Soviets administered phage orally, topically or systemically to treat a wide variety of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in both adults and children. Infections included suppurative wound infections, gastroenteritis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, dermatitis, empyemas and pneumonia; pathogens included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Shigella and Salmonella spp. Overall, the Polish and Soviets reported success rates of 80-95% for phage therapy, with rare, reversible gastrointestinal or allergic side effects. However, efficacy of phage was determined almost exclusively by qualitative clinical assessment of patients, and details of dosages and clinical criteria were very sketchy. There were also six British reports describing controlled trials of phage in animal models (mice, guinea pigs and livestock), measuring survival rates and other objective criteria. All of the British studies raised phage against specific pathogens then used to create experimental infections. Demonstrable efficacy against Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. was noted in these model systems. Two U.S. papers dealt with improving the bioavailability of phage. Phage is sequestered in the spleen and removed from circulation. This can be overcome by serial passage of phage through mice to isolate mutants that resist sequestration. In conclusion, bacteriophages may show promise for treating antibiotic resistant pathogens. To facilitate further progress, directions for future research are discussed and a directory of authors from the reviewed papers is provided.
 ...
PMID:Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents. 951 62

Hospital and laboratory data were analysed in three hospitals to estimate rotavirus disease burden in 1994-96. Community acquired gastroenteritis was diagnosed in 757 children of whom 41% tested positive for rotavirus. A total of 196 children had rotavirus nosocomial infections (39% of all rotavirus community-acquired and nosocomial cases). Infants less than 24 months old and children less than 3 months old comprised 74% and 11.9% of admissions for rotavirus, respectively. Almost 94% of children with rotavirus infection had severe gastroenteritis (score > or =11). The annual rate of rotavirus associated hospitalization in Poland in 1996 was 3.1/1000 children under the age of 60 months and 5.2/1000 infants under 24 months of age. The mean hospital stay was 9.5 d (+/-9.8 d). We estimated that 8918 children under 60 months of age were hospitalized for rotavirus gastroenteritis in 1996; they accounted for 84899 inpatient days. We conclude that rotavirus is a leading aetiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in young children in Poland and that the burden of this infection is significant. Rotavirus vaccine could significantly decrease the hospitalization rate and the financial impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Poland.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology and impact of rotavirus diarrhoea in Poland. 1008 13

Recently in many countries, including Poland, the problem of toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms has been of great importance. In many cases it is connected with the increase of microcystins (MCYSTs) concentration in fresh water. This problem is caused by excessive eutrophication of drinking and recreational water bodies. In humans, the most frequent symptoms of the MCYST effect are: cutaneous rash, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and acute damage of the liver. The aim of this work was to estimate apoptotic effects of five different cyanobacterial hepatotoxic extracts containing MC-LR and other variants of MCYSTs (MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-WR). These effects were analysed in rat hepatocytes--primary target of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins. Morphological changes in hepatocytes were examined by means of fluorescence and differential interference contrast microscopy with the DNA-specific dye, Hoechst 33342. The hepatocytes were treated with each cyanobacterial extracts containing MC-LR in the range between 100 nM-2000 nM for 30 min, 60 min and 120 min. The first characteristic apoptotic changes: shrinking and budding of cells were seen after 30 min, MC-LR = 100 nM. During the next 30 min the percentage of apoptotic cells increased by over 50%, MC-LR at concentrations ranging from 100 to 250 nM (the value dependent on a bloom sample). Highly condensed chromatin and apoptotic bodies were observed in 85-90% of hepatocytes after 120 min of treatment with MC-LR in concentration of 1000 nM. The apoptotic changes in rat hepatocytes confirm the high cytotoxic potential of cyanobacterial bloom samples collected during different months and years from reservoirs of drinking and recreational water in central Poland.
 ...
PMID:Apoptotic effect of cyanobacterial blooms collected from Polish water reservoirs. 1127 47

Porcine rotaviruses are a common cause of gastroenteritis. Several serotypes have been detected based on the two surface proteins VP4 (P-types) and VP7 (G-types). However, limited studies have been performed on the relative frequency of rotavirus types in diarrhetic pigs primarily because of the lack of availability of suitable methods. In this study, we describe a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the typing of P and G types of rotavirus. This method allowed to detect G and P types in 96.8 and 87.1% of isolates collected in the United States, respectively and in 54.5 and 38.6% of isolates collected in Poland, respectively. Within the US specimens the G3, G4, G5, G9 and G10 types were detected in combination with P6 and P7 types while among Polish specimens only G3, G4 and G5 types in combination with P6 and P7 types were identified. In both instances the G4 and G5 were the most prevalent types. These studies show that a RT-PCR typing method is suitable for molecular epidemiological studies and that there is more diversity among porcine rotavirus than previously reported.
 ...
PMID:Survey of porcine rotavirus G and P genotype in Poland and the United States using RT-PCR. 1244 45

The data currently available on the epidemiology, severity and economic burden of nosocomial rotavirus (RV) infections in children younger than 5 years of age in the major European countries are reviewed. In most studies, RV was found to be the major etiologic agent of pediatric nosocomial diarrhea (31-87%), although the number of diarrhea cases associated with other virus infections (eg, noroviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses) is increasing quickly and almost equals that caused by RVs. Nosocomial RV (NRV) infections are mainly associated with infants 0-5 months of age, whereas community-acquired RV disease is more prevalent in children 6-23 months of age. NRV infections are seasonal in most countries, occurring in winter; this coincides with the winter seasonal peak of other childhood virus infections (eg, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses), thus placing a heavy burden on health infrastructures. A significant proportion (20-40%) of infections are asymptomatic, which contributes to the spread of the virus and might reduce the efficiency of prevention measures given as they are implemented too late. The absence of effective surveillance and of reporting of NRV infections in any of the 6 countries studied (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom) results in severe underreporting of NRV cases in hospital databases and therefore in limited awareness of the importance of NRV disease at country level. The burden reported in the medical literature is potentially significant and includes temporary reduction in the quality of children's lives, increased costs associated with the additional consumption of medical resources (increased length of hospital stay) and constraints on parents'/hospital staff's professional lives. The limited robustness and comparability of studies, together with an evolving baseline caused by national changes in health care systems, do not presently allow a complete and accurate overview of NRV disease at country level to be obtained. RV is highly contagious, and the efficiency of existing prevention measures (such as handwashing, isolation and cohorting) is variable, but low at the global level because of the existence of numerous barriers to implementation (eg, lack of staff, high staff turnover, inadequate hospital infrastructure). Prevention of RV infection by mass vaccination could have a positive impact on the incidence of NRV by reducing the number of children hospitalized for gastroenteritis, therefore reducing the number of hospital cross-infections and associated costs.
 ...
PMID:Nosocomial rotavirus infection in European countries: a review of the epidemiology, severity and economic burden of hospital-acquired rotavirus disease. 1639 25

The article presents common etiologic agents of viral gastroenteritis in children. The actual knowledge on molecular characteristics of rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and adenoviruses as well as their epidemiology in the world and Poland is reviewed. The authors emphasize the need of greater use of molecular procedures (RT-PCR) for detection the common serotypes of rotavirus and other viral agents of gastroenteritis in Polish children. Familiarity with molecular epidemiology of viruses and with their antigenic diversity allows to elaborate and apply the adequate vaccines as well as to initiate the prophylactic procedures.
 ...
PMID:[Acute viral gastroenteritis in children]. 1720 54

Campylobacter jejuni is an important cause of food-borne gastroenteritis and enteritis in humans in many developed countries. Several C. jejuni virulence determinants have been identified. The purpose of our experiments was to determine the prevalence of virulence and toxin genes cadF, flaA, cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, cdtABC, virB11 among 102 C. jejuni isolates isolated in Poland between 2003 and 2005 from humans with diarrhea. The PCR analysis of the strains revealed the presence of the flaA and the cadF genes among all C. jejuni isolates. Detection rates for the cdtA, cdtB, cdtC and cdtABC cluster genes were 98, 96, 92 and 88% respectively. The virB11 gene was found in only 3% of the isolates. The high prevalence of cadF, flaA and cdt genes demonstrated that these genes may play an important role in C. jejuni virulence. Further research is necessary to clarify the importance of the virB11 gene in the pathogenesis of infections with C. jejuni strains in humans.
 ...
PMID:[Prevalence of pathogenic genes of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans in Poland between 2003-2005]. 1734 Sep 96

Noroviruses belonging to the family of Caliciviridae are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in both children and adults. In the current study incidence of norovirus gastroenteritis was estimated in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis using commercially available ELISA tests. Epidemiological data were correlated with basic demographic findings. A hundred and forty nine children with acute gastroenteritis were enrolled in the study. Screening for common viruses causing gastroenteritis: rotavirus and adenovirus was performed and than stool samples were frozen and stored in <20 degrees C for future simultaneous testing with IDEIA Norovirus (Dakocytomation). Group I noroviruses were found in one child when 16 children were tested positive for Norowirus group two. In total noroviruses were found in 11.4% of children included in the study. Children with norovirus infection were 3 weeks to 15 years old (mean age 5.9 years). Seasonal peak of norovirus infection was seen in September through December. The infectious agent has not been identified in 43% of investigated children. Our results support important role of noroviruses as a causing agent of gastroenteritis in children in Northeastern Poland. The importance of noroviruses may grow as rotavirus infections are likely to be eliminated due to wide introduction of vaccine in the nearest future. Routine testing for noroviruses should be considered in clinical practice.
 ...
PMID:[Norovirus infection in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in northeastern Poland]. 1806 83


1 2 3 4 Next >>