Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A three year survey on sheep deaths and their causes was conducted on 10 commercial farms in the north of Scotland. Diseases and other trauma associated with the perinatal period accounted for 56.81% of all ewe deaths, while pneumonia, parasitic gastroenteritis, torsion of the bowel and haemorrhagic enteritis (redgut) accounted for a further 21.7%. No one disease condition predominated in the rams and hoggs. In lambs, most deaths occurred between birth and four days old (77.86%). Causes came in the form of starvation and exposure (34.2%), stillbirths (18.2%), lambing injuries (11.06%), infectious conditions (8.0%), dystocia (7.6%) and abortion (5.2%). The overall death rate among the lambs was 14.2%.
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PMID:A survey of sheep losses and their causes on commercial farms in the north of Scotland. 736 90

Severe anemia has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children of Southern Ghana since the early 1960s. Cases of anemia and anemia-associated mortality in the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, that occurred from January to December 1991 were reviewed. Data on hemoglobin levels, hypochromia, and malaria parasitemia of children referred from January to December 1991 were collected and analyzed to determine the prevalence of moderate/severe malaria parasitemia, anemia, and severe anemia. 10,989 (71.1%) of 15,450 children attending KBTH referred to the laboratory for hematological studies had hemoglobin (Hb) levels below 11.0 g/dl; while 3049 children (27.7%) of anemic patients had Hb levels below 7.0 g/dl. Of these 3049 children with severe anemia, 2185 (71.7%) had Hb levels below 5.0 g/dl, thus requiring urgent blood transfusion. Though the Department of Child Health alone utilized 32.2% of total blood processed by the National Blood Transfusion Service at KBTH, as many as 259 (58.1%) of the 554 deaths (306 male and 248 female) in the emergency room in children beyond the neonatal period were related to severe anemia. The main causes were nutritional anemia (n = 135), anemia associated with severe malaria (n = 56), anemia associated with sickle cell disease (n = 28), anemia associated with protein-energy malnutrition (n = 22), and 18 cases of anemia complicating gastroenteritis, pneumonia, meningitis, and convulsions. 108 (19.5%) deaths occurred because of neonatal sepsis, severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, meningitis and bronchopneumonia, severe anemia secondary to hemorrhage of the newborn, and faulty cord ligation. A significant decline occurred in the prevalence of childhood anemia in the developed world following improved counseling in nutrition, fortification of foods with iron, and iron supplementation to infants and schoolchildren with the attendant improvement in growth velocity and intellectual performance. A planned national anemia survey and early consideration of iron supplementation to older infants and preschool children at risk are recommended.
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PMID:Childhood deaths from anaemia in Accra, Ghana. 749 16

Two Dutch researchers analyzed detailed standardized annual reports from 17 mission hospitals in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia to determine what can be learned from hospital records on the volume of medical services provided as well as on the incidence and seriousness of major diseases and their patterns of change during 1975-90. These hospitals had more than 1.2 million patients (excluding deliveries, neonates, and premature births) and 67,534 deaths. The number of hospital admissions increased considerably (50-77%) in all countries except Ghana. Yet admission rates (per 1000 population/year) rose at a much lower rate (6-25%) in the three countries, suggesting that population growth accounted for a large part of the increase. During 1975-90, in Ghana, the admission rates decreased by 42% and the number of infectious disease admissions fell by 12%. More than 50% of all admissions were for infectious diseases in Kenya and Tanzania compared to 33% for Zambia and 35% for Ghana. Children aged under 15 years were more likely to be admitted for an infection or infection-related disease than adults (75% vs. 31%). The most common infectious disease responsible for admissions and a cause of death was malaria, probably due to a slowly rising resistance in the malaria parasite, resistance to insecticides in the mosquito, and the decreased immunity of the population due to uncontrolled use of antimalarials. In three countries (except Zambia for admissions and Ghana for causes of death), malaria has risen considerably (p 0.001). The case fatality rate for meningitis had also increased significantly during 1975-90 (p 0.001). Other significant causes of admissions and deaths included pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and tuberculosis. In all four countries, immunizable diseases and measles have declined greatly (p 0.001). Case fatality rates (CFRs) were highest for tetanus (36.7-68.8%) and meningitis (14.7-43%) and lowest for malaria (0.6-4.6%). CFRs for malaria, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia were much higher in adults than in children. These type of data are needed for planning and the operation of curative and preventive care.
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PMID:Analysis of hospital records in four African countries, 1975-1990, with emphasis on infectious diseases. 763 17

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on SY5555 were performed in children. The results were as follows: 1. A total of 15 patients considered to have bacterial infections were treated with SY5555. Each dose, 5 mg/kg, was orally administered 3 times daily, for 4-11 days. Clinical efficacies of SY5555 in 13 patients with bacterial infections (1 with pneumonia, 2 with bronchitis, each 1 with maxillary sinusitis, 2 with otitis media, 5 with pharyngitis, 1 each with gastroenteritis and pyelonephritis) were evaluated as excellent in 10 patients and as good in 3 patients with an efficacy rate of 100%. Two patients with viral infection and malignant lymphoma were not evaluated. Thirteen causative strains in 7 species were found in 10 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1/3, Haemophilus influenzae in 2/2, Streptococcus pyogenes 4/4, Salmonella spp. in 1/1, Escherichia coli in 1/1 were eradicated. Only one patient developed mild diarrhea as an adverse reaction. Another patient showed elevated GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase). The abnormality was mild and the patient recovered after the cessation of SY5555 administration without specific treatment. 2. MICs of SY5555 were examined against 33 clinical isolates. SY5555 has low MICs against Enterococcus faecalis and other Gram-positive cocci. 3. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of SY5555 was 1.15 micrograms/ml at a dose level of 4.9 mg/kg orally administered at fasting. Based on the above results and the broad spectrum of the anti-bacterial activities, SY5555 appears to be a promising antibiotics that is usable as a single agent for the primary therapy of respiratory tract infections, skin soft tissue infections and urinary tract infections in children.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and clinical studies on SY5555 in children]. 769 43

This report highlights current knowledge regarding the aetiology, diagnosis and management of nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina 1792) with spontaneous infectious pneumonia. Bacteriological evidence supports the view that Streptococcus zooepidemicus could be the specific pathogen, although other bacteria were also isolated. Attempts at virus isolation were unsuccessful. Pneumonia has rapidly become established as one of the major, life-threatening bacterial diseases, ranking in importance with gastroenteritis infections.
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PMID:Epizootic pneumonia in nutria. 774 Aug 54

Over an 18-month period, from October 1991 through early 1993, a study was carried out in two phases in the pediatric wards of the Eldoret District Hospital to document infant and child morbidity and mortality in the Uasin Gishu district and parts of several surrounding districts in western Kenya. Patient discharge summaries and ward registers were analyzed for age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and outcome. There were a total 4720 pediatric admissions over the period. The most frequent 20 diseases were identified and their respective case fatalities were calculated. 74.5% of the admissions were due to only four diseases: malaria (33.0%), pneumonia (26.8%), gastroenteritis (10%), and measles (7.6%). Malaria was responsible for only 9 (9.1%) of all deaths. The disease specific mortality rate for malaria was 2.2%, 11th among the top 15 diseases. 20 (20.4%) out of a total of 98 deaths were due to pneumonia. Measles was becoming less important as a cause of morbidity because of immunization: in 1991, over 20 cases/per month were admitted, but by 1993 only 6.5 cases/month were admitted, a decrease of 68%. Neonatal tetanus was responsible for 43.2% of neonatal mortality during the 18 months. In addition, 47 infants and children had severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.0 gm%); 8 (17%) of these children died despite emergency blood transfusions. The overall mortality rate in the hospital during the study was 8.2%, which compares with 9.6% reported in Tanzania in 1987. 61 (64.9%) deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization owing to delay in seeking medical care. In a 1988 study in Harare, 201 (43.7%) of 460 deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of admission. Furthermore, during February through June 1992, 29 of 57 children under 2 years of age admitted for gastroenteritis tested positive for HIV antibodies. A retrospective review of the ward register also showed that in 20% of the admissions the outcome was not recorded, in 25% the length of stay could not be determined, and for 8.3% the age of the patient was not recorded.
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PMID:Paediatric morbidity and mortality at the Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 779 68

All children 2 years and younger with diagnosis of gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting) admitted to the Eldoret District Hospital between the February and June 1992 were enrolled. ELISA test was performed for HIV for each of the 57 children. In addition, relevant tests were carried out in all cases, such as hemogram, stool for ova and cysts, blood slide for malaria parasites, and urinalysis. The ELISA results were confirmed by the Western blot for all positive cases. A total of 57 children, 32 (56.1%) males and 25 (43.9%) females were studied. All the children were 2 years or younger, with 61.4% under 9 months old. The difference with respect to distribution of HIV positivity and negativity in those under 9 months and those above 9 months was significant (p 0.001). 29 of the 57 infants (50.9%) were ELISA and Western blot positive. Of the positive cases, 23 (79.3%) were 9 months or younger, with 6 (20.7%) between 9 months and 24 months (p 0.001). Of the 33 (58.3%) patients with diarrhea of less than 14 days' duration, 12 (36.70%) were seropositive, and of the 24 (41.7%) with diarrhea of more than 14 days, 17 (70.8%) were HIV positive. The difference in the duration of diarrhea in both the positive and negative cases in the 2 groups was significant. There were 34 patients who presented with diarrhea and vomiting alone of whom 15 (44.1%) were positive for HIV, while there were 10 who presented with diarrhea and either malnutrition or pneumonia with 8 (80%) positive for HIV. Diarrhea lasting more than 14 days was a significant parameter, as 70.8% of the patients in this category were seropositive for HIV compared to 36.7% in those with diarrhea of less than 14 days' duration (p 0.02). In addition, children 0-9 months old had a higher incidence of HIV seropositivity than the older age group, especially the age group 5-9 months, 73.6% of whom were seropositive.
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PMID:HIV seropositivity in children admitted with diarrhoea at Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 782 Dec 40

A prospective study of 90 children admitted to Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1992 with severe protein-energy malnutrition assessed the clinical profile and patterns of infection. The children, who ranged in age from 4 to 60 months, suffered from marasmus (49%), marasmic-kwashiorkor (42%), and kwashiorkor (19%). Septicemia, the most alarming complication of severe protein-energy malnutrition, was present in 32 children (36%); gram-negative enteric bacilli were the most common bacterial pathogen. 57 children (63%) had pneumonia and 23 (26%) had tuberculosis. Another 33 (37%) had a urinary tract infection. 17 children (19%) presented with diarrhea, 33 (37%) had clinical and radiologic evidence of rickets, and 15 (17%) had clinical evidence of vitamin A deficiency. There were 29 deaths in this series (from septicemia, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and disseminated tuberculosis), for a case fatality rate of 32%. Mortality was significantly greater among children with a total serum protein of 5 gm% or less and those with systemic infection. This profile differs from those recorded in other developing countries, suggesting that severe protein-energy malnutrition has clinical and geographic heterogeneity.
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PMID:Clinical profile and pattern of infection in Ethiopian children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. 806 77

An analysis has been made of causes of admission of black patients in 1991 to Murchison Hospital, Port Shepstone, Natal. Of 6675 total admissions, 6329 (95%) were classifiable. Of the latter, 1462 (23%) were aged 12 years and-younger, namely, 763 boys and 699 girls. Their chief causes of admission were pneumonia, gastroenteritis, trauma, acute glomerular nephritis, and malnutritional diseases. Of 4867 adults (73%), 1536 were males and 3331 females. Among men, chief causes were tuberculosis, congestive cardiac failure, hypertension and cerebral vascular accidents. Among women, apart from pregnancy, chief causes of admission were disorders of pregnancy, tuberculosis, congestive cardiac failure, pneumonia, diabetes, and hypertension. Of western diseases, 3.9% of adults were admitted for diabetes, and 2.8% for asthma. The general pattern of admissions is similar to that in other rural hospitals. The causes of admissions are discussed, regarding (1) public health improvements occurring, and (2) means of promoting further improvements by (a) community self-help, and (b) help from State health and other services.
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PMID:Causes of admissions of rural African patients to Murchison Hospital, Natal, South Africa. 816 43

Personnel at The Marine Mammal Center (The Center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern California (USA) coast from 1984 through 1990, including California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus townsendi). The primary disease findings in stranded California sea lions were renal disease, renal disease complicated by severe verminous pneumonia, verminous pneumonia, seizures of unknown etiology, and renal disease complicated by severe pneumonia of unknown etiology. Stranded elephant seals included pups, yearlings with dermatological problems, and neonates. Most harbor seals admitted to The Center were underweight and premature pups. Stranded northern fur seals included animals with seizures of unknown etiology and emaciated pups. Stranded Steller sea lions included underweight pups and aged adult females with pneumonia. Two Guadalupe fur seals had hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Incidental findings at the time of stranding among the six species included verminous pneumonia and pneumonia of unknown etiology, renal disease, internal parasitism, ophthalmologic problems, gastrointestinal disorders, otitis externa, and external wounds.
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PMID:Findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern California coast, 1984-1990. 835 44


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