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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study was done to determine the incidence of serious illness in children under two years of age with hyperpyrexia (temperature of 41.1 degrees C [106 degrees F] or greater). Nineteen children were seen and followed in the emergency department of Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital over a one-year period. The final clinical diagnoses included acute otitis media, pneumonia, acute gastroenteritis, roseola, and cellulitis of the leg. In the entire group there was no meningitis or subsequent death. One child was hospitalized. The statistical analysis (binomial test at the 0.05 level) confirms that the incidence of serious illness manifested only by high fever is no higher than 0.15. The mere presence of very high fever does not necessarily indicate a serious illness. Laboratory and other diagnostic work-up and hospitalization should be based on clinical evaluations, rather than done routinely.
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PMID:Hyperpyrexia in children: clinical implications. 356 4

Although dramatic gains have been realized in lowering the incidence of neonatal deaths among native American infants to a level lower than the white race, postneonatal death rates for this population remain twice as high as in the white race. The limited data available reveal that excessive postneonatal deaths among native American infants largely result from preventable accidents and treatable acute medical conditions, such as pneumonia and gastroenteritis. This suggests that native American infants leave the hospital healthy but go to unsafe environments, which decrease their chances of survival past 1 year. In particular, the poorer socioeconomic conditions that native American families experience and the related problems of alcoholism, unemployment, and family disorganization contribute to the high rate of postneonatal mortality. Intervention programs to lower native American postneonatal mortality should focus on promoting prompt recognition of and health seeking for treatable medical conditions and prevention of accidents and other postneonatal health problems. The roots of the problem of native American postneonatal mortality lie in the socioeconomic conditions of many Indian communities and cannot be addressed without recognition of how these factors combine with the health care delivery system to diminish life expectancy for native American infants.
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PMID:Native American postneonatal mortality. 365 77

Thirty-four, 9- to 11-week-old, male castrated, crossbred, specific pathogen-free derived pigs were exposed to a T-2 toxin aerosol at a nebulized dose of 0 or 9 mg/kg in pairs, each pair consisting of 1 control and 1 T-2 treated pig which were exposed on the same day. Twenty to 30% of the toxin (1.8 to 2.7 mg/kg) was retained by the pigs. Five pairs were killed on each of 1, 3 and 7 days after dosing. Two pairs of pigs were designated as a 0.33-day group when one T-2 treated pig died and the other was killed in a moribund state at 8 to 10 hours after dosing. The pulmonary and systemic immunity and morphologic changes of the lungs and other organs were examined. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to obtain alveolar macrophages (AM) and pulmonary lymphocytes (PL). The phagocytic ability of AM and mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of enriched PL and peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated. Clinically, all of the T-2 treated pigs vomited and were cyanotic, anorexic, lethargic and laterally recumbent. In the 0.33-, 1-, and 3-day T-2 treated pigs, there was a marked reduction in AM phagocytosis and mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of PL but not of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mild to moderate, multifocal interstitial pneumonia was seen in the majority of the T-2 treated pigs. In pigs dying following inhalation of T-2 toxin, there was a more severe pneumonia, as well as marked necrosis of lymphoid tissues, severe necrohemorrhagic gastroenteritis and edema of the gall bladder wall, and multifocal necrosis of the heart and pancreas. Thus, inhalation exposure to T-2 toxin can result in clinical signs and morphologic changes resembling those reported previously in pigs given T-2 toxin intravascularly (iv) at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg (approximate LD50) or greater, as well as death. Mild pulmonary injury as well as transient impairment of pulmonary immunity was present in pigs surviving inhalation exposure.
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PMID:Experimental T-2 toxicosis in swine following inhalation exposure: effects on pulmonary and systemic immunity, and morphologic changes. 368 91

A study of morbidity patterns in a new paediatric hospital in Juba, Sudan, showed malaria, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, dysentery and infections of the eye, ear, and skin to be the commonest conditions. During the entire period of the study, these conditions constituted more than 90% of the outpatient load. In a group of inpatients interviewed, immunization coverage was 22%, 46% of the mothers had been enrolled in school at some time, and only 17% of the families had a latrine at home. The mean number of living children per family was four and of those not surviving was two. These findings are related to an inadequate environment, lack of public health information, and low socioeconomic status. Immediate and long-term strategies are necessary to provide safe water, adequate latrines, better immunization coverage, income-generating practices, increase in female education, and general health education of females, children and youth.
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PMID:Morbidity patterns in a new paediatric hospital in Juba, Sudan. 373 97

Admissions to the Medical Paediatric Unit at Derby Regional Hospital in 1984 were reviewed. There were 536 admissions (289 males and 247 females). The average number of inpatients per day was 11.7, average duration of stay was 8.0 days, and there was one hospital death. Aboriginal children represented 90% of admissions and 59% of these were under two years of age. Several major problems were often encountered in individual children; these included respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal disease, failure to thrive and anaemia. Plasma electrolyte levels were measured in 82 children with gastroenteritis. Of these children 45 (55%) had a serum potassium level of less than 3.0 mmol/L and eight (10%) had a serum potassium level of less than 2 mmol/L. One hundred and four children were diagnosed as having pneumonia; 74 (71%) of them responded to penicillin. In 19 (21%) of 92 children who failed to thrive, no definite medical cause was found. The remainder had a combination of diarrhoeal disease, and chest and urinary tract infections. Anaemia, renal calculi and rheumatic fever are also common medical problems in the Kimberley region.
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PMID:Morbidity patterns in a general paediatric unit in rural Western Australia. 377 28

The efficacy and safety of cefadroxil in the treatment of paediatric patients with a wide variety of infections were evaluated in a multicentre clinical trial. This study included 395 infants and children with Group A streptococcal pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchopneumonia, urinary tract infections and acute gastroenteritis. Cefadroxil was given as a suspension in a daily dose of 30 to 50 mg/kg in 2 divided doses every 12 hours to all but 76 patients; 50 patients with acute otitis media were given 100 mg/kg/day in 2 doses and 26 patients with urinary tract infections received 25 mg/day once daily. Of 317 patients with respiratory tract infections and 78 with urinary or gastrointestinal infections, 95 and 100%, respectively, were clinically cured following treatment with cefadroxil.
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PMID:Cefadroxil in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children. 380 50

Four hundred thirty-four febrile infants two months of age or younger were evaluated in the emergency departments of five major teaching hospitals over a one-year period. A culture-proven bacterial infection was present in 3.5% of the infants; bacteremia was detected in 3.3%. Bacterial meningitis was present in 2.4%, and aseptic meningitis was noted in 13.4%. Twenty-one percent had clinically apparent serious disease including pneumonia, otitis media, and gastroenteritis with dehydration. Six variables (age less than 1 month, lethargy, no contact with an ill individual, breast-feeding, total polymorphonuclear greater than or equal to 10,000/mm3 and band count greater than or equal to 500/mm3) were correlated with bacterial infection by step-wise discriminant analysis. However, these findings were neither sensitive nor specific enough to be clinically useful. Management varied, and 62% of the infants were hospitalized. Fifty-four percent, some of whom were managed as outpatients, received antibiotics. Febrile infants two months of age or younger require a comprehensive emergency department assessment, including appropriate laboratory studies (CBC, differential, urinalysis and culture, lumbar puncture, and blood culture), since 3.5% have bacterial infection that may be life-threatening. Hospitalization is warranted if the infant appears ill, laboratory studies indicate serious infection, or follow-up care is uncertain.
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PMID:Fever in infants less than two months of age: spectrum of disease and predictors of outcome. 384 82

Chlamydia trachomatis is known to cause infant pneumonitis and conjunctivitis and is a suspected cause of otitis media and gastroenteritis. To identify infections associated with exposure to C trachomatis, infant illnesses were studied through a "blinded" review of medical records of 244 infants born to women cultured antenatally for cervical C trachomatis, 25% of whom had C trachomatis-positive cultures. Compared with unexposed infants, infants exposed to C trachomatis had twice the rate of both pneumonitis and recurrent otitis media in the first six months. Infants who were exposed to C trachomatis and who had pneumonitis had higher subsequent rates of gastroenteritis than either unexposed infants or exposed infants without pneumonitis. These results suggest that appreciable outpatient infant morbidity may be associated with maternal infection with C trachomatis, and that it may either cause or promote the occurrence of early, recurrent otitis media and gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Illnesses in infants born to women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. A prospective study. 397 84

The number and types of infectious illnesses experienced in 1 year by 279 inner city infants younger than 12 months were examined and correlated with some personal and social attributes and the children. Only 24 (8.6%) infants incurred no infectious illnesses in 12 months. The children experienced an average of one episode of otitis media (OM), one upper respiratory illness and three total illnesses during the year. Only 7.5 and 2.2% of the children experienced more than two episodes of upper respiratory illnesses and gastroenteritis, respectively, but 19% of the infants incurred more than two episodes of OM. The months with the highest number of illnesses for both the entire cohort and the infants who were enrolled at 1 month or less of life were March-April and October-November. The months in which the fewest illnesses occurred were August-September for both groups. The only variable associated with an increased number of total illnesses was a personal history of eczema or allergy (P less than 0.01). No variables were found to be associated with the occurrences of pneumonia, gastroenteritis or upper respiratory illnesses. Multiple episodes of OM during the study period were associated with male sex (P less than 0.01), bottle feeding (p less than 0.05) and a history of OM before the onset of the study (P less than 0.01).
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PMID:Infectious illnesses in the first two years of life. 398 79

Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from a horse (Equus caballus), a lamb (genus Ovis), and two American buffalo (Bison bison) suffering from enteric disease in the western part of Colorado. In 1981, a foal died of apparent respiratory failure. Necropsy findings included heart failure and gastroenteritis. V. cholerae serovar 347 (Smith) was isolated from the colon of this animal. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated in 1983 from the intestine of a feedlot lamb suffering from pneumonia and severe watery diarrhea. In 1984, an enteric disease occurred in a herd of American bison. The sick animals were depressed and separated from the herd, dying in about 3 days. Of approximately 100 adult bison, 7 died. Necropsy of one animal revealed that gross lesions were limited to the gastrointestinal tract. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated from the abomasum, duodenum, and colon of this animal. A swab specimen from the intestine of another dead bison also yielded V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith).
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PMID:Isolation of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae associated with enteric disease of herbivores in western Colorado. 407 68


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