Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From April 16 1987 through May 16 1987, during an outbreak of gastroenteritis, stool specimens were obtained from 53 children aged 18 to 36 months among the 90 children attending an on-site day-care center for the staff of a large teaching hospital in the Paris urban area (59%). Oocysts of Cryptosporidium were found in 11 specimens (21%) using an auramine staining technique. Children with diarrhea were more likely to have stools containing Cryptosporidium (p less than 0.01). Subsequently, a prospective study was carried out in the same day care center from July 1987 through January 1988. Among the 103 episodes of diarrhea observed during the study period, there were five cases of cryptosporidiosis (5%). In all these cases, diarrhea was moderate and resolved within ten days. Furthermore, among 148 hospitalized children aged 2 months to 10 years, 2 (1.4%) had positive stool specimens for Cryptosporidium and significant failure to thrive. Thus, Cryptosporidium is a common cause of diarrhea in immunocompetent children, especially in child group settings. Further studies are needed to determine the prevalence and spectrum of the clinical patterns of this parasitic disease.
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PMID:[Cryptosporidiosis in children: epidemics and sporadic cases]. 240 Jan 92

Twenty-four first-season calves were randomly allocated to three similar groups (1-non-treated controls; 2 - vaccinated against lungworm; 3 - treated with ivermectin 21, 56 and 91 days after turnout) and set-stocked on separate pastures. Parasitic bronchitis became evident in the controls and signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen later in the vaccinates, but the ivermectin-treated calves remained healthy. After autumn housing, all were kept as a single group for the winter. The following summer, six of the ivermectin-treated animals and their matching vaccinates were grazed together, without further prophylaxis, along with six first-season calves. The latter displayed evidence of mild but debilitating pulmonary and gastrointestinal parasitic disease while both groups of yearlings remained healthy (with the exception of one diarrhoeic vaccinate). Thus, the immune status of the ivermectin-treated animals appeared to be comparable to that of the vaccinates. This conclusion was supported by parasitological observations and by artificial challenge at the end of the second grazing season.
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PMID:Comparative study of early-season prophylaxis using ivermectin with lungworm vaccination in the control of parasitic bronchitis and gastroenteritis in cattle. 253 89

The data presented indicate that the disturbing upward trend in infant mortality in North Carolina has been arrested and possibly reversed during the 1959 through 1963 period. Information obtained from death certificates indicates that infections accounted for slightly more than half (52.4%) of the postneonatal deaths occurring in the study periods. The most common type of infection was influenza and pneumonia, followed by gastroenteritis and colitis, infective and parasitic disease, meningitis, and acute respiratory infections, in that order of frequency. Infections were responsible for a greater percentage of the postneonatal deaths among nonwhite (58.5%) than amon white infants (40.7%). the postneonatal death rate from infections was 13.4 for nonwhite infants and 2.2 for white infants. The next most common cause of postneonatal mortality -- congenital malformations -- was relatively more important in the white race, being responsible for approximately 25% of white deaths and only 6% of nonwhite deaths. I11 defined and unknown causes ranked 3rd in importance, with postneonatal death rates of 3.0 for nonwhite and .4 for white infants. Accidents, wich ranked 4th, were responsible for approximately 10% of the postneonatal deaths in each race. In both races, the risk of postneonatal death was greater in infants born to younger mothers, partiuclarly those under age 20. For the infants of mothers under age 15, the postneonatal death rate was 3 times as high as for those of 20-24 year old mothers. Beginning with age 20, the risk of postneonatal mortality decreases gradually as maternal age increases up to 35 years, when it begins to rise again in the white race. In nonwhite races, the decline continoues to age 40. Infants born to young mothers of nonwhite races suffer relatively higher postneonatal mortality than do their white counterparts. The postneonatal mortality rate is lowest for 1st born infants of both races. Among nonwhites, it is highest for the 2nd born; in the white race, it rises with each successive birth, with the exception of the 5th. Postneonatal mortality among very small white infants (those weighing less thatn 1500 gm at birth) was some 7 times that of infants weighing more than 2500 gm; it was even higher in nonwhite races being nearly 2 1/2 times that of the white group and appoproximately 4 times higher than the rate for nonwhite infants weighing more than 2500 gm at birth. The risk of postneonatal death for nonwhite infants born illegitimately was 1 1/2 times as great for those born in wedlock. Among white infants, the risk was almost twice as great for those born out of wedlock.
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PMID:Postneonatal deaths in North Carolina, 1959-1963. 523 49

Sixty cattle (12 first season and 48 second season grazing animals) were allocated to three groups according to age and bodyweight. Each group was divided into "control" and "treated" subgroups. Before turnout, a morantel sustained release bolus (MSRB) was administered to each animal in the "treated" category. The groups were moved from field to field according to the farmer's normal rotational grazing policy. Each field was, however, divided into two equal halves, one of which was reserved for the MSRB treated cattle, while the other was used exclusively for the controls. Severe parasitic gastroenteritis occurred in the first season controls during early September, while milder disease affected the untreated animals in the smaller of the second season groups. No gastrointestinal disease was apparent in the corresponding MSRB treated cattle. A mild outbreak of parasitic bronchitis occurred in the first year controls during October; there was evidence of less sever lungworm infection in the matching MSRB treated animals. The larger second season group showed no signs of parasitic disease.
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PMID:Control of bovine parasitic gastroenteritis and parasitic bronchitis in a rotational grazing system using the morantel sustained release bolus. 709 Jan 51

One hundred and twenty four-month-old Hereford-Friesian cross heifers weighing from 88 to 130 kg were divided into two equal groups. One group acted as a control with each animal receiving one placebo bolus, the other animals received one prototype intraruminal sustained-release bolus designed to deliver approximately 8 mg ivermectin/day for 100 to 120 days. The boluses were administered the day before turnout in mid-May. Each group was grazed separately for 167 days on pastures contaminated with parasitic nematode larvae including the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus, and the gastrointestinal worms Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora and Nematodirus helvetianus. Parasitic disease did not occur in the ivermectin-bolus group, but the control group required anthelmintic treatment to control parasitic gastroenteritis at 111 and 154 days after turnout. Up to the 111th day after turnout, the peak mean nematode egg and larval counts per gram of faeces in controls was, respectively, 564 epg and 0.5 lpg. Based on faecal nematode egg counts and worm burdens in bolus-treated cattle removed from pasture at 119 days after turnout and bolus function studies, it was concluded that ivermectin delivery from the prototype bolus ceased between 95 and 98 days after administration. However, unlike the controls, the treated cattle did not develop parasitic gastroenteritis at any time. Their faecal nematode egg output was significantly (P < 0.01) lower (< 1 epg) compared to the controls and lungworm larval output zero during the functional life of the bolus. The faecal egg and larval outputs continued low until the end of the trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nematode burdens and productivity of grazing cattle treated with a prototype sustained-release bolus containing ivermectin. 787 90

Two trials were conducted against natural and experimentally induced parasitic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats using an in-feed formulation of albendazole to evaluate its therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy. In the first trial, albendazole was incorporated in feed pellets to deliver an average daily dose of 0.7 mg/kg body weight in order to evaluate its prophylactic efficacy. In the second trial, feed pellets were offered to deliver an average total dose of 8.0 mg/kg body weight in two equal split doses in order to evaluate its curative efficacy. Sustained plasma concentrations of the active compound, albendazole sulphoxide, and its metabolite albendazole sulphone, sufficient to prevent establishment of infection, were achieved when the animals were allowed to feed on medicated pellets for 10 consecutive days. The bioavailability of the metabolites of albendazole following the administration of a therapeutic dose in two split doses of the in-feed formulation was sufficient to remove established adult nematodes. The concentrate feed pellets could be used for self-medicating small ruminants for therapeutic use as well as for prophylaxis based on their strategic use appropriate to the epidemiology of the parasitic disease.
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PMID:The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of long-term low-level and split-dose administration of albendazole through in-feed formulations against ovine and caprine parasitic gastroenteritis. 986 61

Sample submissions to the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency's (AHVLA's) diagnostic laboratory network in England and Wales were reviewed for diseases affecting New World camelids (NWCs). In the years 2000-2011, 6757 submissions were analysed, including 5154/6757 (76.3%) for diagnosing a disease problem and 1603/6757 (23.7%) for monitoring (no clinical disease). Wasting (weight loss, ill-thrift) was the most commonly reported clinical sign across all age groups. A diagnosis was reached for 1765/5154 (34.2%) diagnostic submissions. The proportion of submissions with diagnoses was higher for carcasses than non-carcass samples and multiple diagnoses were more likely to be reached from carcasses. Parasitic diseases were collectively the most common problem, including parasitic gastroenteritis (319/1765, 18.2%), coccidiosis (187/1765, 10.6%), fascioliasis (151/1765, 8.6%), ectoparasitic infestations (86/1765, 4.9%) and cryptosporidiosis (24/1765, 1.4%). The most frequently diagnosed non-parasitic problems included nutritional diseases (182/1765, 10.3%), septicaemia (104/1765, 5.9%, including 45 cases of colisepticaemia), gastric ulceration (79/1765, 4.5%), tumours/neoplastic diseases (65/1765, 3.7%), tuberculosis (57/1765, 3.2%), clostridial diseases (44/1765, 2.5%), congenital anomalies (41/1765, 2.3%), peritonitis (39/1765, 2.2%) and Johne's disease (20/1765, 1.1%).
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PMID:Review of laboratory submissions from New World camelids in England and Wales (2000-2011). 2472 12

Coastal dolphins are regarded as indicators of changes in coastal marine ecosystem health that could impact humans utilizing the marine environment for food or recreation. Necropsy and histology examinations were performed on 35 Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) and five Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa plumbea) incidentally caught in shark nets off the KwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africa, between 2010 and 2012. Parasitic lesions included pneumonia (85%), abdominal and thoracic serositis (75%), gastroenteritis (70%), hepatitis (62%), and endometritis (42%). Parasitic species identified were Halocercus sp. (lung), Crassicauda sp. (skeletal muscle) and Xenobalanus globicipitis (skin). Additional findings included bronchiolar epithelial mineralisation (83%), splenic filamentous tags (45%), non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (39%), and myocardial fibrosis (26%). No immunohistochemically positive reaction was present in lesions suggestive of dolphin morbillivirus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella spp. The first confirmed cases of lobomycosis and sarcocystosis in South African dolphins were documented. Most lesions were mild, and all animals were considered to be in good nutritional condition, based on blubber thickness and muscle mass. Apparent temporal changes in parasitic disease prevalence may indicate a change in the host/parasite interface. This study provided valuable baseline information on conditions affecting coastal dolphin populations in South Africa and, to our knowledge, constitutes the first reported systematic health assessment in incidentally caught dolphins in the Southern Hemisphere. Further research on temporal disease trends as well as disease pathophysiology and anthropogenic factors affecting these populations is needed.
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PMID:A systematic health assessment of indian ocean bottlenose (Tursiops aduncus) and indo-pacific humpback (Sousa plumbea) dolphins incidentally caught in shark nets off the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa. 2520 43

The aim of this work is to study the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance to the most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella and Shigella at the largest Bulgarian hospital-University Hospital "St. George," Plovdiv-for the period 2009-2013. Two hundred ninety strains were in vitro tested for resistance to 15 antimicrobial agents. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was demonstrated by a variety of specialized tests. For comparison, a collection of 28 strains submitted by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) "Enteric Infections" at the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD), Sofia, was also tested for the production of ESBLs. In isolates, phenotypically demonstrated as ESBL producers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the genes bla-CTX-M, bla-SHV, and bla-TEM was performed. Among the 290 tested isolates, only two- Salmonella serotype Livingstone and Shigella flexneri-were phenotypically proven to be ESBL producers. Only 4 strains from the collection of 28, submitted from the NRL "Intestinal Infections" in NCIPD, Sofia, were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producers. The presence of the bla-CTX-M gene was detected in all of the tested strains (4 from NRL, NCIPD, Sofia, and 2 from the University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv), the bla-SHV gene only in strain S. Livingstone from Plovdiv, and the bla-TEM gene in two from Sofia and one (again S. Livingstone) from Plovdiv. In conclusion, Salmonella and Shigella isolates from patients hospitalized at the University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, with acute gastroenteritis demonstrate good susceptibility to the most commonly used antibiotic agents, including azithromycin.
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PMID:Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella and Shigella isolates in the University Hospital "St. George," Plovdiv, Bulgaria. 2776 25

Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium spp. is an important parasitic disease that can be life-threatening for children and immunocompromised patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection and related risk factors among the Iranian general population. We searched electronic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Proquest for articles in English and SID, Magiran, IranMedex, and IranDoc for articles in Persian. Out of 4816 studies identified in the electronic search, 94 articles were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis by using the random effect model among children, healthy people, and gastroenteritis and immunocompromised patients in Iran was estimated as 3.65, 2.94, 1.29, and 4.54%, respectively. Findings of a phylogenetic analysis inferred by gp60 and 18S ribosomal RNA markers indicated that most of the infection rate belonged to C. parvum (particularly subtype IIaA15G2R1) and C. hominis among understudied groups. The present study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis providing a comprehensive view of the prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis and its related risk factors in Iran. It seems that the awareness of Cryptosporidium prevalence, risk factors, and disease complications may be required for developing effective strategies to prevent infection.
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PMID:Human cryptosporidiosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2811 Apr 41


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