Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over an 18-month period, from October 1991 through early 1993, a study was carried out in two phases in the pediatric wards of the Eldoret District Hospital to document infant and child morbidity and mortality in the Uasin Gishu district and parts of several surrounding districts in western Kenya. Patient discharge summaries and ward registers were analyzed for age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and outcome. There were a total 4720 pediatric admissions over the period. The most frequent 20 diseases were identified and their respective case fatalities were calculated. 74.5% of the admissions were due to only four diseases: malaria (33.0%), pneumonia (26.8%), gastroenteritis (10%), and measles (7.6%). Malaria was responsible for only 9 (9.1%) of all deaths. The disease specific mortality rate for malaria was 2.2%, 11th among the top 15 diseases. 20 (20.4%) out of a total of 98 deaths were due to pneumonia. Measles was becoming less important as a cause of morbidity because of immunization: in 1991, over 20 cases/per month were admitted, but by 1993 only 6.5 cases/month were admitted, a decrease of 68%. Neonatal tetanus was responsible for 43.2% of neonatal mortality during the 18 months. In addition, 47 infants and children had severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.0 gm%); 8 (17%) of these children died despite emergency blood transfusions. The overall mortality rate in the hospital during the study was 8.2%, which compares with 9.6% reported in Tanzania in 1987. 61 (64.9%) deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization owing to delay in seeking medical care. In a 1988 study in Harare, 201 (43.7%) of 460 deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of admission. Furthermore, during February through June 1992, 29 of 57 children under 2 years of age admitted for gastroenteritis tested positive for HIV antibodies. A retrospective review of the ward register also showed that in 20% of the admissions the outcome was not recorded, in 25% the length of stay could not be determined, and for 8.3% the age of the patient was not recorded.
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PMID:Paediatric morbidity and mortality at the Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 779 68

Infections are the leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Bronchopneumonia, meningitis and gastroenteritis are the commonest fatal infections encountered in Ibadan. Tuberculous lymphadenitis, bronchopneumonia and meningitis are other frequent causes of death. The predominant sequela of measles is respiratory tract infection. Another important cause of childhood mortality is cerebral malaria. In half of the cases of tetanus no obvious portal of entry can be found. It is advocated that the implementation of immunization schedules should be vigorously pursued to curtail childhood mortality resulting from infection.
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PMID:Childhood infections in Nigeria: an autopsy study. 834 43

In Nigeria, the beginning of the structural adjustment program (SAP) in 1986 marked the beginning of a considerable decrease in real income and an unparalleled increase in food prices. This economic crisis stimulated reduced food consumption, particularly that of nutritious foods, and an increase in malnutrition. For example, in Borno/Yobe States in 1987, SAP contributed to an average decrease in energy and protein intake of 27% and 33%, respectively. SAP also contributed greatly to the almost complete destruction of nutrition oriented health delivery services. Different surveys of nutritional assessment in Nigeria reveal low intakes of protein, energy, iron, calcium, zinc, thiamin, and riboflavin in almost all age groups and in both sexes. Malnutrition and related diseases (diarrhea, measles, anemia, and gastroenteritis) are the cause of most deaths in infants and young children. The underlying causes of malnutrition in Nigeria are poverty, inadequate food production, inadequate food intake, ignorance and uneven distribution of food, poor food preservation techniques, improper preparation of foods, food restrictions and taboos, and poor sanitation. Economic reforms will likely continue into the first decade of the 21st century, so Nigeria really needs sustainable remedies to alleviate malnutrition. Recommended remedial programs are more support for rural farmers through input subsidies and high producer prices, improving rural credit schemes (e.g., the People's Bank) that target the poor, distribution of vitamin A and iron supplements in rural health centers, promoting production of low cost weaning diets, and integrating nutrition education in primary health care programs and in educational curricula.
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PMID:Undernutrition in Nigeria: dimension, causes and remedies for alleviation in a changing socio-economic environment. 841 69

In early 1990 an outbreak of measles occurred in Kerman City (population 257,284), Iran. Overall 745 cases were identified, four of whom died (case fatality ratio was 5.4 per thousand). Illness was limited, primarily, to children below 15 years of age: 166 (22.3%) cases were in children under five years, 573 (77%) in those aged between five and 14 years and six (0.8%) were above 15 years of age. The age of the cases ranged from 5 months to 35 years. The age-specific attack rates were 3.9, 1.8, 7.3 and 2.8 per 1,000 for children under 1, 1-4, 5-9 and 10-14 years of age respectively. Overall 14 (1.9%) children with measles were hospitalized for severe complications which consisted mainly of pneumonia, otitis and gastroenteritis. Based on 745 cases with available immunization records, vaccine efficacy was calculated at 88% indicating a slight problem with the cold chain or vaccine. The outbreak was primarily related to low immunization coverage during the last 10 years and indicates the need to improve vaccine coverage with the AIK-C existing vaccine. It also highlights the urgent need for an effective single-dose measles vaccine (Edmondson-Zagreb) for children below nine months of age.
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PMID:Measles epidemics in Kerman City, Iran. 848 16

We examined the effect of the emergency response on medical and public health problems during the 1991 Gulf War in Israel. On the first day of the conflict, the number of deaths from suffocation, asphyxiation, aspiration, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and cerebrovascular accident increased abruptly, as did the number of sudden deaths associated with the use of tight-fitting masks with filters in sealed rooms. Much of the excess risk for death from cardiorespiratory complications during the first alert may have been a consequence of its duration (140 minutes). Mass evacuation and concrete buildings are believed to have kept the death toll from trauma down, and mask use may have protected against facial and upper-airway injuries. Falls and hip fractures, airway irritation from exposure to bleach, carbon monoxide intoxication from open kerosene heaters in sealed rooms, and self-injection with atropine syringes were also noted. A measles epidemic and increased death rates from automobile crashes were other preventable causes of death. Protection against biological warfare was limited to surveillance of trends for pneumonia and gastroenteritis. Emergency planners failed to anticipate the need for better mask fit, hands-on training in the use of masks, and special guidelines for older persons to prevent deaths from suffocation and other cardiovascular-respiratory problems in the first minutes of use. If masks are to be distributed as a protection against chemical warfare, a simpler model including the use of shrouds for whole-body skin protection might help avoid cardiorespiratory complications. Public health problems not adequately dealt with in the predisaster period are apt to emerge with greater severity during a crisis.
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PMID:Emergency preparedness and response in Israel during the Gulf War. 970 6

This is an update of knowledge on the role of the vitamin A status in determining child mortality, morbidity and growth. Recent information confirms the earlier conclusion of Beaton et al. that a 23% reduction in young child mortality results following improvements in the vitamin A status. Studies show that the mortality effect is primarily due to reductions in deaths due to acute gastroenteritis and measles but not acute respiratory infections (ARI) and malaria. While improvement of the vitamin A status enhances the survival of older preschool children, it remains unclear whether it benefits infants (i.e. < 6 months). Vitamin A supplementation does not reduce the overall incidence and prevalence of common childhood illness; however, it reduces the incidence of more severe episodes of diarrhea. Also, vitamin A supplementation either during and/or immediately after the illness does not improve its symptomatology. Finally, contrary to earlier expectations, recently completed, placebo-controlled randomized interventions have failed to detect improvements in child growth.
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PMID:The role of vitamin A in reducing child mortality and morbidity and improving growth. 961

We examined the effect of the emergency response on medical and public health problems during the 1991 Gulf War in Israel. On the first day of the conflict, the number of deaths from suffocation, asphyxiation, aspiration, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and cerebrovascular accident increased abruptly, as did the number of sudden deaths associated with the use of tight-fitting masks with filters in sealed rooms. Much of the excess risk for death from cardiorespiratory complications during the first alert may have been a consequence of its duration (140 minutes). Mass evacuation and concrete buildings are believed to have kept the death toll from trauma down, and mask use may have protected against facial and upper-airway injuries. Falls and hip fractures, airway irritation from exposure to bleach, carbon monoxide intoxication from open kerosene heaters in sealed rooms, and self-injection with atropine syringes were also noted. A measles epidemic and increased death rates from automobile crashes were other preventable causes of death. Protection against biological warfare was limited to surveillance of trends for pneumonia and gastroenteritis. Emergency planners failed to anticipate the need for better mask fit, hands-on training in the use of masks, and special guidelines for older persons to prevent deaths from suffocation and other cardiovascular-respiratory problems in the first minutes of use. If masks are to be distributed as a protection against chemical warfare, a simpler model including the use of shrouds for whole-body skin protection might help avoid cardiorespiratory complications. Public health problems not adequately dealt with in the predisaster period are apt to emerge with greater severity during a crisis.
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PMID:Emergency preparedness and response in Israel during the Gulf War. 932 67

Forty-seven common dolphins (Delphinus delphis ponticus) were stranded on the northern shores of the Black Sea between mid-July and early September 1994, more than in previous or subsequent years. Two of the 47 dolphins were examined in detail to try to determine the cause of the increased stranding rate. Their lesions included broncho-interstitial pneumonia with type II epithelial cell hyperplasia and multinucleate syncytial cells, neuronal necrosis, gliosis, and non-suppurative meningitis of the brain, necrotic stomatitis, gastroenteritis and cholangitis, and lymphoid depletion of the spleen and lymph nodes. The diseased tissues stained positive in an immunoperoxidase test, using a polyclonal antiserum to measles virus as the primary antibody, and electron microscopy showed that they contained regularly-shaped intranuclear particles about 22 nm in diameter. They were positive by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the nucleoprotein gene of morbillivirus. However, there was no evidence of morbillivirus in frozen tissues either by virus isolation or by antigen capture ELISA. The concentration of sigma DDTS in the blubber of both dolphins was about 50 to 100 times higher than the levels in toothed cetaceans from the North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Baltic Sea. The lesions were consistent with those found in other species with morbilliviral disease, and the positive immunoperoxidase test, PCR and electron microscopical examination confirmed a morbillivirus as the primary cause of these lesions.
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PMID:Epizootic of morbilliviral disease in common dolphins (Delphinus delphis ponticus) from the Black sea. 1009 12

In the last months of the second World War, 250,000 German refugees landed in Denmark. A third of them were children under the age of 15. Seven thousand German refugee children under the age of five died in Denmark in 1945. Using birth certificates and death certificates from the Danish national archives and burial lists from the German refugee cemetaries I have collected data to reveal causes of death, age distributions and time of the deaths of the 7000 fatal cases among children under the age of five. Three thousand children under the age of one, 2000 children one year old and 2000 children 2-4 years old died. Most of them died just before and after the German surrender, but many died in the months following the German surrender. The infant mortality was extremely high all during 1945. The infants died from diseases due to malnutrition, but the older the children the more likely the causes of death were due to infectious diseases such as pneumonia, measles, diphtheria and gastroenteritis.
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PMID:[Causes of death of German refugee children in 1945]. 1074 Dec 29

In the first half of the 20th century, improved living conditions, preventive measures, vaccines and antibiotics led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. It was predicted that the conquest of all infectious diseases was imminent. However, 50 years later, in 1999, they were still the major cause of disease worldwide, and caused nearly one third of all deaths (a total of 55.9 million). The eradication of smallpox in the 1970s and the approaching eradication of poliomyelitis represent major achievements. The prevalence of measles, pertussis and tetanus neonatorum is also markedly reduced, but still 1.5 million children in developing countries die each year because of lack of vaccines. Malaria and tuberculosis are re-emerging. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are the diseases with known aetiology that cause most deaths, altogether 5 million each year. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections cause 6.5 million deaths annually. Infections in the immunocompromised host have become a "trade mark" of today's advanced medicine. Almost every year, new diseases related to new micro-organisms are described; over the last 30 years, approximately 40 new diseases/micro-organisms have been diagnosed. Among the best known are HIV/AIDS, peptic ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, Legionnaires' disease, borreliosis (Lyme disease), hepatitis C, gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus, and Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Antimicrobial resistance development of micro-organisms has become one of the major health problems worldwide; a number of preventive measures are being introduced.
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PMID:[Microorganisms strike back--infectious diseases during the last 50 years]. 1180 14


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