Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between October 1980 and August 1982, 100 patients in the pediatric population at Curran Lutheran Hospital, Zorzor, Liberia were identified as having multiple drug-resistant Salmonella enteritidis serotype enteritidis. The illness usually presented as an enteric fever but also as meningitis, gastroenteritis, empyema, subcutaneous abscesses, chronic otitis media, or a combination of these conditions. Predisposing factors were young age and debilitation from malnutrition or measles. The mortality of infected patients was 27.8%. The organism was originally misidentified as a Citrobacter species because of a delayed reaction on lysine decarboxylase medium. Incubation of the medium for five days resulted in a positive reaction that identified the organism as a Salmonella species. The isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Genes mediating resistance were located on a 120-megadalton conjugative plasmid. A cryptic nonconjugative 40-megadalton plasmid was also present in several isolates.
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PMID:An outbreak of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enteritidis in Liberia, West Africa. 388 5

Eighty-eight patients with severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) admitted into the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Nigeria over a 9-month period were studied to define the patterns and factors encountered currently in PEM. Severe PEM now occurs predominantly in the 6- to 18-month age group, which is earlier than was reported previously. The majority of the parents were Yoruba Christians and were low-income workers or unemployed. Poverty was a factor in 54.5 percent. Most of the parents were literate. About half of the families were polygamous. The prevalence of social problems was high, with 72.7 percent of the parents living apart. Attacks of measles and recurrent or prolonged gastroenteritis were preceding precipitating factors in 30.7 percent and 33 percent of the patients, respectively. Failure or cessation of breast-feeding or bottle-feeding with cow's milk from the first month of life preceded the development of PEM in a large percentage of patients. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:The present day epidemiology of severe protein-energy malnutrition in Nigeria. 643 22

A rural development project carried out in Southern Zimbabwe for 5 years was aimed at improving nutrition, combatting diseases, educating villagers about proper hygiene, improving water quality, and assessing the development and nutritional status of children under 5. The community investigated consisted of 10,000 people or 1,439 families with an average of 7 persons per family. The main staple of their diet was maize, and malnutrition was prevalent. Water holes infested with bilharzia were the source of drinking water for both man and animal. The project succeeded in vaccinating 90% of preschool children against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, and tuberculosis. A control district was chosen to compare the developmental data obtained by the Cole Slide Rule Calculator of 229 children under 5 with those of 242 children in the project. Malnutrition was studied in 200 children hospitalized in the children's ward of a district hospital, 1/3 of whom were less than 1 year old. Gastroenteritis, giardiasis and amebiasis were prevalent among them (37%), as were upper respiratory infections (27%), pneumonia (12%), and skin infections (7%). Nonspecific gastroenteritis was found in 86% of children under 2. Most over 2 were severely undernourished. A nutritional rehabilitation village called Hutano Village was established in 1982 to function as a nutritional center, staffed by a full-time health worker and an assistant. In the 1st 9 months of its existence, 114 children were taken in, and the mothers received instruction in vegetable gardening, raising chickens and rabbits, hygiene, and family planning. The average attendance runs to 25 children and 15 to 17 mothers. In spite of successful medical intervention in malnutrition cases, the relapse of children into an undernourished state remains a difficult issue, whose cause lies in inadequate water supply, poor soil, lack of resources, and low family socio-economic status.
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PMID:[Improved health in Zimbabwe's rural areas as a result of the rural development project]. 648 96

The child in Nigeria is loved and pampered but food may be scarce or inadequate in nutrients, and he/she has overcrowding and poor sanitation to deal with as well as a maze of conflicting and hybrid values and way of life. Statistics show that in black Africa 1 child out of 5 will survive up to his 5th birthday. The infant mortality rate is high primarily because of inadequate nutrition and communicable diseases. The 10 most common diseases in Africa from 4 sample countries, i.e., Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya are: malaria; gastroenteritis, measles; respiratory tract infections; malnutrition; intestinal worm, anemias; tetanus; meningitis; and tuberuclosis. All these diseases are preventable, but prevention is more difficult because there are few health workers and inadequate facilities. 80 pediatricians and a few unrecognized pediatric trained nurses look after about 40 million children in Nigeria. Nutrition plays a prominent role in both growth and development. Local food may be plentiful but some families are unable to balance their diets. There is malnutrition or undernutrition because of ignorance, poverty, and feeding habits. In Africa the effect of malnutrition is most marked during weaning. In a traditional African society a child does not lack for love and affection. There are no unwanted pregnancies, no motherless children, no unmarried women, for the extended family system absorbs many of these shocks. The circumstances of the family are related to the incidence of child abuse, which is increasing. Children are used as cheap labor by both parents and guardians. In the current 5-year development plan, the government is making a bold step in health care. Some of the major goals of this 4th 5-year development plan in health care delivery include: rapid expansion of facilities to achieve 100% primary health care coverage by the year 2000; emphasizing preventive care; decentralization so that the local government areas are implementation units; modification of the health care system to suit local conditions and resources; and crash training programs for various health personnel. Suggestions of this author include the following: the full implementation of the health plan; education; school health service; the provision of school children with 1 balanced meal per school day; the preparation of inexpensive baby foods with local foodstuff demonstrated to mothers' groups; and the development of day care centers.
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PMID:Nigeria: child health. 655 Mar 10

Postpneumonic pleural suppuration is a common condition seen in paediatric practice in Nigeria. One hundred and twenty cases seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, over a 4-year period were reviewed. The patients were aged between 1 1/2 months and 16 years. History of antecedent measles was elicited in 27 of the children, and 70% of the patients presented to the hospital later than 7 days after the onset of symptoms of pleura suppuration. From the pleural aspirates of 106 cases (88.3%) Staphylococcus aureus was cultured in 31.2%, but there were no organisms cultured in 39.4%. Twenty-nine children were treated by chemotherapy only; 11 of them (37.9%) died. Sixty-eight cases had tube drainage of the pleural collections, with 6 deaths (8.8%). Twenty-three patients had thoracotomy, evacuation of the suppurative lesion and decortication of the lung, with no mortality. There was overall hospital mortality of 14.2%, the highest mortality being in children who had associated measles, gastroenteritis, anaemia or malnutrition. Early surgical drainage by tube thoracostomy or by thoracotomy and decortication in addition to appropriate and adequate antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice.
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PMID:Postpneumonic pleural suppuration in children. 667 97

The state of child health in Singapore from 1914 to the present is discussed. In 1914 there were 225 reported cases of tetanus neonatorum out of 7420 births and 340 deaths from gastroenteritis with an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 292.9/1000 live births. In 1936 the IMR was 167.74 and in 1962 it was still high at 31.2. Causes of death included tetanus neonatorum, gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, and poliomyelitis. Diphtheria immunization had lowered the rate of mortality from this disease. The 1st priority in improving infant health after 1962 was lowering the IMR, especially by treating the newborn. The 2nd priority was infections. Oral Sabin was introduced against polio and programs for tetanus, whooping cough, and measles vaccinations were begun as well; compulsory diphtheria innoculation began in 1963. Malnutrition was identified as a cause in high childhood morbidity and mortality, relating to a decrease in breastfeeding to only 29% with only about 4% continuing after 3 months; this also caused diarrhea and gastroenteritis. A Breast Feeding Mothers Group was established to help mothers and to support a breast milk bank. In addition the birthrate was very high, 2.8% with very young and elderly mothers giving birth in large numbers and constituting poor obstetric risks. In 1966 the government established a national family planning program. This program, together with nutrition education, improved housing and promotion of breastfeeding has raised the nutrition level. By 1976 the IMR had fallen to 11.8 and the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) was 8.4, both of which were lower than rates in the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1981 the IMR fell to 10.8 and the NMR to 7.7. Although deaths from infections and diseases have dropped, those from congenital anomalies and malignancies such as leukemia have not changed. Health education has had an effect on lowering mortality rates from accidents. Rates of death from dengue hemorrhagic fever have been lowered but not abolished by mosquito surveillance, as is the case with other viral infections such as measles. With bacterial infections the latest problem is the existence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Further efforts must emphasize health rather than the reduction of mortality and mental and emotional morbidity must receive more attention as well.
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PMID:Child health in Singapore--past, present and future. 713 9

The effects of environmental factors in the morbidity pattern of 893 children under 5 years of age living in the urban, urban slum, and rural areas of Varanasi are investigated. 273 children belonged to an urban area, 284 to urban slum area, and 336 to a rural area. All 3 areas have general outpatient services as well as underfive clinics. Data on childrearing practices, anthropometric measurements, and morbidity are recorded in the health cards of the children. Various illnesses observed included gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infection, stomatitis, constipation, fever, pica, anemia, Vitamin A deficiency, measles, chicken pox, whooping cough, and others. Total illnesses per child were higher in urban slum and rural children compared to the urban group (chi-square=132.7, p0.001). Children who lived in pucca and mixed houses in urban slum and rural areas had significantly higher morbidity compared to the urban group (pucca houses, chi-square=77.01, p0.01; mixed houses, chi-square=16.98, p0.001). The incidence of morbidity was higher in children who lived in inadequately ventilated kachcha houses, had poor source of water supply through open wells and practiced open field defecation compared to those who lived in pucca houses with adequate ventilation, utilized tap water, and were using service latrines. The findings suggest the need to educate mothers and to improve sanitation in order to maintain hygienic conditions for improving the health status of the children. A safe drinking water scheme should be immediately instituted in the crowded urban slums or rural areas. The few wells in villages should be improved and water chlorinated by bleaching powder or chlorine tablets.
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PMID:Influence of environmental factors on underfive morbidity. 730 16

The effect of consanguinity on fertility, reproductive loss, and development disorders were studied in South India. The population investigated included 377 unselected mothers who, along with their children, were followed up longitudinally. Each mother was interviewed regarding consanguinity, details of reproductive performance, and death of any offspring. Marriages were classified as unrelated or between uncle and niece, between first cousins, between first cousins once removed, between second cousins, between second cousins once removed, and between third cousins. Among the 377 marriages, 156 (41.4%) were consanguineous and 221 (58.6%) were nonconsanguineous. Consanguinity was more prevalent among Hindus than among Muslims or Christians. The mean and standard deviation in the age of women were similar in all age categories at the time of the study, but the numbers of pregnancies and live births were higher in consanguineous than in nonconsanguineous unions. The mean number of living children were not significantly different in the 2 groups. Although the intrauterine wastage showed no significant difference between the 2 groups, extrauterine loss of life, especially the death rate of children, was higher in the consanguineous marriages. The causes of death in the nonconsanguineous group were diptheria, tuberculosis meningitis, acute nephritis, convulsive disorder, and brain abscess. The causes of death in the consanguineous group were measles with complications, gastroenteritis, pyogenic meningitis, whooping cough, convulsive disorder, undiagnosed fever, burns, and undiagnosed illness with persistent vomiting. In regard to developmental anomalies, in only 1 instance was the condition unequivocally due to autosomal recessive inheritance. In the majority of the remaining cases the disorders were polygenic or multifactorial in origin. The frequency of developmental anomalies was significantly more frequent among the children of consanguineous parents.
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PMID:Reproductive wastage and developmental disorders in relation to consanguinity in south India. 731 41

From 1972 to 1974 a retrospective study on acute gastroenteritis has been done, at Kinshasa University Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics; the frequency of these gastro-enteric syndromes at admission is estimated about 18 p. 100. Majority of the cases occurred before 3 years old (92 p. 100), malnourished infants and children being exposed (91 p. 100). The pathogens were isolated in 44 p. 100 of the cases, bacterial etiology being dominated by Salmonella, which represent 2/3 of the cases; 99 p. 100 of the Salmonella strains are resistant to one or many antibacterial drugs. Seventy-nine of the infants and children died (8 p. 100): may be measles and malnutrition have played an important role in this wrong clinic evolution.
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PMID:[Epidemiological and etiologic aspects of children acute gastro-enteritis in Kinshasa (author's transl)]. 733 19

Two Dutch researchers analyzed detailed standardized annual reports from 17 mission hospitals in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia to determine what can be learned from hospital records on the volume of medical services provided as well as on the incidence and seriousness of major diseases and their patterns of change during 1975-90. These hospitals had more than 1.2 million patients (excluding deliveries, neonates, and premature births) and 67,534 deaths. The number of hospital admissions increased considerably (50-77%) in all countries except Ghana. Yet admission rates (per 1000 population/year) rose at a much lower rate (6-25%) in the three countries, suggesting that population growth accounted for a large part of the increase. During 1975-90, in Ghana, the admission rates decreased by 42% and the number of infectious disease admissions fell by 12%. More than 50% of all admissions were for infectious diseases in Kenya and Tanzania compared to 33% for Zambia and 35% for Ghana. Children aged under 15 years were more likely to be admitted for an infection or infection-related disease than adults (75% vs. 31%). The most common infectious disease responsible for admissions and a cause of death was malaria, probably due to a slowly rising resistance in the malaria parasite, resistance to insecticides in the mosquito, and the decreased immunity of the population due to uncontrolled use of antimalarials. In three countries (except Zambia for admissions and Ghana for causes of death), malaria has risen considerably (p 0.001). The case fatality rate for meningitis had also increased significantly during 1975-90 (p 0.001). Other significant causes of admissions and deaths included pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and tuberculosis. In all four countries, immunizable diseases and measles have declined greatly (p 0.001). Case fatality rates (CFRs) were highest for tetanus (36.7-68.8%) and meningitis (14.7-43%) and lowest for malaria (0.6-4.6%). CFRs for malaria, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia were much higher in adults than in children. These type of data are needed for planning and the operation of curative and preventive care.
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PMID:Analysis of hospital records in four African countries, 1975-1990, with emphasis on infectious diseases. 763 17


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