Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixteen children with refractory diarrhea and three malnourished children who had frequent episodes of acute gastroenteritis but little diarrhea at the time of hospital admission, were studied by peroral upper small intestinal biopsy. Six children were adequately nourished; five children weighed 62 to 79% of expected weight and eight weighed less than 60% of expected weight. Two of the malnourished children had giardiasis. Pathogenic bacteria were found in only one case. Varying degrees of mucosal atrophy with reduction of mean villous height were seen in 18 cases. The concentration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and plasma cells was about half that seen in well-nourished children with severe nongastrointestinal infections. The concentration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria was about twice that seen in normal adults. The proportions of IgA-producing cells and cells that stained for secretory component were significantly reduced, as compared with normal adult control values. This reduction was most striking in children with malnutrition complicated by giardiasis. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed for leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. There was a tendency for considerably reduced acid phosphatase activity in all clinical groups (kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor and marasmus) of growth-retarded infants.
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PMID:Infantile jejunal mucosa in infection and malnutrition. 10 19

The parents of 200 malnourished childred referred and admitted over the July-December 1976 period to the nutrition wing of the Children's University Teaching Hospital, Zambia, were interviewed in an effort to understand the home environment of malnourished children in Lusaka, Zambia. The 1974 incidence of malnutrition in Zambia was about 23% with higher prevalences of marasmus and moderate malnutrition. There were 9.4% severly malnourished children admitted in 1976 as compared with less than 1% in 1971. Many of these children were admitted very late in a hypothermic shocked state which is directly responsible for the increasing incidence of mortality over these years. Plasma or blood transfusion is a standard procedure in all shocked cases of kwashiorkor, yet many of the children still die within 24 hours of admission. Malnutrition incidence was found to be closely linked to the rise in price index. The majority of the children were admitted from the rainy months November to March, the time associated with a higher incidence of gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, and measles. 88% of the children were between 1-3 years old. Marasmus (33.5%) and marasmic kwashiorkor (40.5%) were more frequent. 63% of the malnourished childred had attended the child health clinics in their infancy and were immunized but discontinued attendance one vaccination was completed. The problem of malnutrition was in the toddler age group. 86% of the childred came from urban slums and periurban areas; 83% were from unitary families, living in 1 or 2 bedroom houses with no separate provision for a kitchen. Rural families (14%) were living as joint families. 32% of the children were from large families. 52% of the parents were employed as casual laborers and earning under US $35 per month. There were only 10 families with earnings in excess of US $125 per month and only 8 had good sources of income from farms. As many as 68.5% children were experiencing 1 or more adverse factors which contributed to their present condition. Almost half of the mothers were pregnant or carrying a young child. An alcoholic family, divorce, or separation of parents was frequently observed. Separation from the mother was marked by a deterioration in the health of the children. Only 4 divorced mothers were working to support the family. The remainder were dependent on their parents. 53% of mothers were favorable to family spacing if properly motiavated. A social rehabilitation program should meaningfully involve the family unit. Parental responsibilities must be propagated. Family spacing with health education programs is vital in the improvement of child care.
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PMID:A study of malnourished children in children's hospital Lusaka (Zambia). 26 Jul 44

The registry of patients at the hospital of Kampene, Zaire, covering the period 1986-87 was examined to determine the hospital's rate of utilization and accessibility, to evaluate mortality, and to ascertain the prevalence of infectious diseases. The 1986 data of the hospital laboratory indicated a high incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases: ancylostomiasis (33.6%); ascariasis (22.9%); schistosomiasis (3.4%); multiple intestinal parasitic infections (10.9%); malaria (43%), often chloroquine-resistant; filariasis (70.8%); and alcohol-acid resistant tuberculosis bacilli (15%). Sexually-transmitted diseases such as vaginitis (80%) were caused by polygamy, prostitution, and promiscuity, HIV serodiagnosis could not be performed because of a lack of equipment. A high infant mortality rate was caused by neonatal tetanus, toxic gastroenteritis, measles (5.1% lethality: 2 died out of 39 cases), and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. Malnutrition caused kwashiorkor and avitaminosis. 792 births were registered at the maternity ward in 1986: 52.8% were male and 47.2% were female; 48 (6.1%) were stillborn or died in the following days; 104 (13.1%) were born prematurely; and 24 (3.1%) were twins. Cesarean section was performed in 43 cases (5.4%). There was a total of 15,099 outpatient visits during a 1-year period. The bed occupancy rate of the surgical ward ranged between .7 and .8 during 1987. Recovery and hospitalization days per doctor or health assistant were very high compared to Italian standards. The lethality of malaria was a high 1.8%, but malnutrition rated even higher: 21.4%. The utilization of the hospital was high, Maternal-child protection measures, especially in the area of nutrition, require the training of community health workers and traditional birth attendants; however, cost-benefit considerations limit resources and the implementation of primary health care is curtailed by economic and cultural factors.
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PMID:[Health care organization and health in a region of Zaire]. 248 74

In 1983, a nutritional support team was formed at the University of Ife-Ife, Nigeria, that used high calorie enteral mixtures successfully for dietary management of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in children. PEM has several causes. Poverty is often cited, but the incidence of mild to severe PEM in children under 5 is higher in the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Egypt and Sudan with per capita gross national product (GNP) above $400 than in Sierra Leone, India, Uganda, and Kenya with GNP below this amount. The consumption of legumes and oil seeds ward off kwashiorkor and marasmus, but in countries with traditional food practices they are not consumed in adequate amounts. Beans, groundnuts, melon seeds, and soya beans are cheap and produced in African and Asian countries. In Nigeria the traditional weaning food is a thin gruel made from maize, sorghum, or millet. Milk, groundnut paste, or sugar is not added. Legumes and other oil seeds are forbidden for children because of deep-rooted cultural practices that favor tubers. Longer duration of breast feeding protects infants from kwashiorkor or marasmus, but the recent drastic change in the pattern with early introduction of artificial feeding has resulted in early appearance of kwashiorkor or gastroenteritis. Low literacy of mothers is another factor, and it inversely correlated with infant mortality. The increase in the level of female literacy and maternal education in less developed countries is a major requirement from governments if they are to combat harmful food taboos. Since Williams associated maize diets with kwashiorkor in 1933, research has show energy deficiency more perilous than protein insufficiency in the treatment and prevention of PEM in these countries.
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PMID:Nutrition support and malnutrition in Nigeria. 314 1

During 1982-83 there was a substantial increase in the number of S. ohio infections at the University Hospital of the West Indies, which coincided with the appearance of strains resistant to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, neomycin and carbenicillin. Multiresistant strains of S. ohio accounted for 19.3% of all salmonella isolates during this period and all of 40 strains tested were able to transfer resistance determinants to E. coli K12 J 53-2. S. ohio was cultured from stool (60), blood (5), wounds and abscesses (4) and postmortem material (2). Eighty-six per cent of S. ohio infections occurred in children of 3 years old or less. There was a high incidence of gastroenteritis in malnourished children, a 14% incidence of localizing infections and a 7% incidence of septicaemia. Two infants with severe gastroenteritis and bronchopneumonia died. There were a number of unusual infections including two cases of septicaemia in children receiving chloramphenicol for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, a scrotal abscess secondary to extravasation of urine and infected scabies in a child with marasmic kwashiorkor.
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PMID:Multiresistant Salmonella ohio infections at the University Hospital of the West Indies. 377 19

In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, gastroenteritis is a leading cause of admission to Children's Hospital. A prospective study of 254 children between the ages of 0-5 admitted over a 4-month period for acute diarrhea was undertaken. Information was obtained from parents about each child's history and the children were medically examined and weighed before and after treatment. Blood urea and electrolytes were estimated and stools examined for parasites and bacteria. Almost 85% of the babies were under 1 year old, 46.5% were less than 5 months. 35.6% had normal weights for age; 25.6%, 1st degree malnutrition; 26.4%, 2nd degree and 12.4%, 3rd degree malnutrition. The severely malnourished were all marasmic, except for 6 who had kwashiorkor, alone or with marasmus. 65.4% were bottle fed but only 20% of the mothers used boiling or chemical means of sterilizing the bottles. Isonatremic dehydration accounted for 73% of the dehydrated infants or children, hyponatremia for 14% and hypernatremia for 13%. 11.8% were graded severely dehydrated on admission. Mothers of children with hypotonic dehydration tended to dilute the feeds, while mothers of hypertonic dehydrated children tended to concentrate them. The overall isolation rate for bacteria and parasites was 33.8%, including salmonella, entero-pathogenic E. coli, Giardia lambia and shigella species. 23 children died; mortality was highest in the younger age group, among babies who were bottle fed, among the more severely dehydrated and among those with hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration. The study results are comparable with incidence reported in proximal areas. The high incidence of bottlefeeding and the consequences to infant health as a major cause of morbidity is of concern. The mild cases of dehydration could be treated on an outpatient basis if adequate facilities are accessible to the population.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis among children in Riyadh: a prospective analysis of 254 hospital admissions. 618 53

Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) was quantitated using the Mancini technique in the nasal washings of children with acute gastroenteritis and in children with kwashiorkor but without gut symptoms. The total immunoglobulin was expressed as a percentage of total protein in nasal secretion measured by biuret method. The IgA level was slightly lower in the kwashiorkor group than in the control group, and there was no statistical difference between IgA level in the acute gastroenteritis and the control group. An explanation for these observations is offered.
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PMID:Secretory IgA in nasal secretions of children with acute gastroenteritis and kwashiorkor. 619 30

Phosphorus depletion in malnutrition has not generally received attention. Serum phosphorus was measured in healthy infants (1.8 mmol/L), in well-nourished infants with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis, and in infants suffering from malnutrition. Serum phosphorus levels were found to be low in well-nourished infants with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis (1.32 mmol/L) an exceptionally low in infants with kwashiorkor (1.10 mmol/L) especially when the latter condition was accompanied by severe diarrhoea (0.66 mmol/L). Hypophosphatemia, as well as hypokalemia, was associated with marked hypotonia. Low levels of serum phosphorus occurred in nine of the 10 malnourished children who died.
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PMID:Serum phosphorus in protein energy malnutrition. 682 Nov 15

Electrolyte disturbances and response to oral electrolyte therapy were studied in 88 children with mild to moderate dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis. A solution with a sodium concentration of 50 mmol/litre was tested in a group of 60 children and results obtained with those in a group of 28 children taking a standard oral solution with a concentration of 90 mmol/litre. Adequate hydration was accomplished in both groups and none of them received intravenous fluids. Neither group received additional water or other fluid in the first 24 hours. There was a significant rise in sodium concentration with both solutions and none of the children developed hypernatraemia. A significant rise in potassium is observed in children with clinical kwashiorkor when hydrated with the low sodium solution.
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PMID:Oral rehydration for diarrhoeal diseases in children. 732 31

A prospective study of 90 children admitted to Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1992 with severe protein-energy malnutrition assessed the clinical profile and patterns of infection. The children, who ranged in age from 4 to 60 months, suffered from marasmus (49%), marasmic-kwashiorkor (42%), and kwashiorkor (19%). Septicemia, the most alarming complication of severe protein-energy malnutrition, was present in 32 children (36%); gram-negative enteric bacilli were the most common bacterial pathogen. 57 children (63%) had pneumonia and 23 (26%) had tuberculosis. Another 33 (37%) had a urinary tract infection. 17 children (19%) presented with diarrhea, 33 (37%) had clinical and radiologic evidence of rickets, and 15 (17%) had clinical evidence of vitamin A deficiency. There were 29 deaths in this series (from septicemia, gastroenteritis, pneumonia, and disseminated tuberculosis), for a case fatality rate of 32%. Mortality was significantly greater among children with a total serum protein of 5 gm% or less and those with systemic infection. This profile differs from those recorded in other developing countries, suggesting that severe protein-energy malnutrition has clinical and geographic heterogeneity.
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PMID:Clinical profile and pattern of infection in Ethiopian children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. 806 77


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