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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Admissions to the Medical Paediatric Unit at Derby Regional Hospital in 1984 were reviewed. There were 536 admissions (289 males and 247 females). The average number of inpatients per day was 11.7, average duration of stay was 8.0 days, and there was one hospital death. Aboriginal children represented 90% of admissions and 59% of these were under two years of age. Several major problems were often encountered in individual children; these included respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal disease, failure to thrive and anaemia. Plasma electrolyte levels were measured in 82 children with gastroenteritis. Of these children 45 (55%) had a serum potassium level of less than 3.0 mmol/L and eight (10%) had a serum potassium level of less than 2 mmol/L. One hundred and four children were diagnosed as having pneumonia; 74 (71%) of them responded to penicillin. In 19 (21%) of 92 children who failed to thrive, no definite medical cause was found. The remainder had a combination of diarrhoeal disease, and chest and urinary tract infections. Anaemia, renal calculi and rheumatic fever are also common medical problems in the Kimberley region.
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PMID:Morbidity patterns in a general paediatric unit in rural Western Australia. 377 28

Personnel at The Marine Mammal Center (The Center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern California (USA) coast from 1984 through 1990, including California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), and Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus townsendi). The primary disease findings in stranded California sea lions were renal disease, renal disease complicated by severe verminous pneumonia, verminous pneumonia, seizures of unknown etiology, and renal disease complicated by severe pneumonia of unknown etiology. Stranded elephant seals included pups, yearlings with dermatological problems, and neonates. Most harbor seals admitted to The Center were underweight and premature pups. Stranded northern fur seals included animals with seizures of unknown etiology and emaciated pups. Stranded Steller sea lions included underweight pups and aged adult females with pneumonia. Two Guadalupe fur seals had hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Incidental findings at the time of stranding among the six species included verminous pneumonia and pneumonia of unknown etiology, renal disease, internal parasitism, ophthalmologic problems, gastrointestinal disorders, otitis externa, and external wounds.
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PMID:Findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern California coast, 1984-1990. 835 44

The hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disorder, characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, nephropathy and thrombocytopenia. The great majority of patients are children, usually under 4 years of age, although adults can be affected. The onset is abrupt and usually follows gastroenteritis or upper respiratory infection. Later, clinical manifestations based on the triad, such as pallor, jaundice, edema, hypertension and purpura soon develop. The urinary output is reduced and the urine may appear dark yellow or tea-colored. Laboratory tests of peripheral blood show severe hemolytic anemia associated with fragmented red blood cells and thrombocytopenia, usually below 50,000/microliters. The blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations are elevated. Proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, which are indicative of active glomerular damage are also seen. Profound understanding of these manifestations is sufficient to permit an early diagnosis of HUS.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome]. 843 21

A 34-year-old female with end-stage renal disease was admitted for severe metabolic acidosis, uremic encephalopathy, pericarditis and severe anemia following a bout of acute gastroenteritis. She improved on aggressive medical management including intensive hemodialysis and was initiated onto maintenance heparin-free hemodialysis (twelve hours per week) and discharged. After a week, she presented with fever with chills and rigors for three days, was toxic, severely orthopenic and had a pulsus paradoxus of 36 mmHg. Echocardiography suggested cardiac tamponade. Aspiration revealed frank pus with polymorphonuclear predominance and Staphylococcus aureus on culture. CT of the thorax revealed pericardial effusion. In the absence of any obvious septic foci, concomitant pleuro-pulmonary sepsis, mediastinal or intra-abdominal pathology; a diagnosis of "acute primary purulent pericarditis" was made. Patient was put on parenteral antibiotics-ceftriaxone and metrogyl. Vancomycin was added after sensitivity results. Pericardial drainage was required initially. After toxemia improved, paradox decreased and fever subsided, the pericardial catheter was removed and antibiotics continued for a period of four weeks. Maintenance hemodialysis was continued during hospital stay and after discharge.
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PMID:Staphylococcal pericarditis in a chronic renal failure patient. 1280 14

The major health problems in Africa are AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, gastroenteritis and hypertension; hypertension affects about 20% of the adult population. Renal disease, especially glomerular disease, is more prevalent in Africa and seems to be of a more severe form than that found in Western countries. The most common mode of presentation is the nephrotic syndrome, with the age of onset at five to eight years. It is estimated that 2 to 3% of medical admissions in tropical countries are due to renal-related complaints, the majority being the glomerulonephritides. There are no reliable statistics for ESRD in all African countries. Statistics of the South African Dialysis and Transplant Registry (SADTR) reflect the patients selected for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and do not accurately reflect the etiology of chronic renal failure (CRF), where public sector state facilities will offer RRT only to patients who are eligible for a transplant. In 1994, glomerulonephritis was recorded as the cause of ESRD in 1771 (52.1%) and hypertension in 1549 (45.6%) of patients by the SADTR. In a six-year study of 3632 patients with ESRD, based on SADTR statistics, hypertension was reported to be the cause of ESRD in 4.3% of whites, 34.6% of blacks, 20.9% mixed race group and 13.8% of Indians. Malignant hypertension is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among urban black South Africans, with hypertension accounting for 16% of all hospital admissions. In a ten-year study of 368 patients with chronic renal failure in Nigeria, the etiology of renal failure was undetermined in 62%. Of the remaining patients whose etiology was ascertained, hypertension accounted for 61%, diabetes mellitus for 11% and chronic glomerulonephritis for 5.9%. Patients with CRF constituted 10% of all medical admissions in this center. Chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension are principal causes of CRF in tropical Africa and East Africa, together with diabetes mellitus and obstructive uropathy. The availability of dialysis and transplantation is quite variable in Africa: treatment rates in North Africa are 30 to 186.5 per million population (pmp) in countries with more established programs: Algeria 78.5; Egypt 129.3; Libya 30; Morocco 55.6; Tunisia 186.5 pmp. In South Africa, treatment rates of 99 pmp were reported; Dialysis and transplant programs in the rest of Africa are dependent on the availability of funding and donors. Services are still predominantly urban and therefore generally inaccessible to the poorer, less educated rural patient. There is not enough money for healthcare in the developing world, particularly for expensive and chronic treatment such as RRT. The goal should be to have a circumscribed chronic dialysis program, with as short a time on dialysis as possible, and to increase the availability of transplantation (both living donor and cadaver). Efforts should be made to optimize therapy of renal disease and renal failure globally and particularly in developing countries. Strategies should be developed to screen for and manage conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus at the primary healthcare level in an effort to decrease the incidence of chronic renal failure. Increasingly, health is influenced by social and economic circumstances. Any improvements in health thus demand integrated, comprehensive action against all the determinants of ill health.
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PMID:End-stage renal disease in sub-Saharan and South Africa. 1286 89

Fifty-five dogs received packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions for gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage during a 26-month period (1999 to 2001), accounting for 11.7% of the PRBC transfusions in that time. Thirty-nine (61%) dogs had an intestinal pathology (primary or secondary) as the cause of GI hemorrhage, including intestinal masses, gastroenteritis, hepatic disease, and renal disease. Nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was found frequently in dogs with GI hemorrhage. Sixteen (39%) dogs were identified as having immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) and associated GI hemorrhage. Dogs with IMT received more transfusions of PRBC than nonIMT dogs (P<0.03) and received a significantly larger total volume of PRBC (P<0.01) during hospitalization.
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PMID:Packed red blood cell transfusions in dogs with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: 55 cases (1999-2001). 1473 15

Surveys carried out between 1990 and 2000 indicated that the incidence of STEC O157-associated gastroenteritis in The Netherlands was 1250 cases/year (median), of which 180 visited a general practitioner, 40 are reported and 0.6 are fatal, mainly in the elderly. There are approximately 20 cases of STEC O157-associated haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) per year, mainly in children. There are 2.5 HUS patients per year who develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD). There are an estimated 2 HUS-related and 0.5 ESRD-related fatalities per year. The mean disease burden associated with STEC O157 in the Dutch population is 116 (90% confidence interval 85-160) Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) per year. Mortality due to HUS (58 DALYs), and ESRD (21 DALYs) and dialysis due to ESRD (21 DALYs) constitute the main determinants of disease burden. Sensitivity analysis indicates that uncertainty associated with model assumptions did not have a major effect on these estimates.
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PMID:Disease burden in The Netherlands due to infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. 1518 16

Venous mapping using venography has been considered to be the gold standard for identifying veins suitable for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. By utilizing a radiocontrast medium, however, venography introduces the risk of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. The risk of this complication in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population has not been previously studied. Twenty-five consecutive patients (CKD stage 4 and 5) undergoing venography were enrolled in this study. Patients were advised not to fast for the procedure and were encouraged to take oral fluids. Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy was defined as a 20% decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from the baseline value at 48 hours after contrast administration. Weekly telephone calls were made for a total of 4 weeks to assess the need for dialysis. Venography was performed by interventional nephrology using 10-20 cc of low osmolarity contrast medium. Data were collected prospectively. Median age was 48.9 +/- 7.8 years and 52% of the patients had diabetes. Complete sets of pre- and postprocedure GFRs were available in 21 patients. At 48 hours, there were no differences between the pre- and postprocedure GFRs. At the third week, one patient developed flu-like symptoms with severe gastroenteritis and was hospitalized for volume depletion. This patient initiated dialysis during the hospital stay. We conclude that at 48 hours, our cohort did not develop radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. During the 4-week phone call follow-up, only one patient needed dialysis. Large-scale studies with a longer follow-up using GFR estimation are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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PMID:Venous mapping using venography and the risk of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. 1593 71

From July 1998 to July 1999, 45 cases of acute renal failure were treated at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu. Out of which 24 were male and 21 were female. Age ranged from 11 months to 84 years with mean age being 35 years and 9 cases were below 10 years. Four cases with pre-renal azotaemia and twenty five cases of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) accounted for 64% of all cases. These were due to gastroenteritis 10, sepsis 6, post surgical 1, trauma 1 and obstretical complications 5. Multiple hornet stings were responsible for acute renal failure in 3 cases, acute urate nephropathy in 1 case and miscellaneous causes in 2 cases. Glomerulonephritis / vasculitis accounted for 17.7%, acute interstitial nephritis 4.4%, haemotytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) 6.6%, and post renal azotaemia in 6.6% of all cases. Mean serum creatinine was 8 mg/dl, mean blood urea 190 mg/dl. Eight cases were treated only conservatively, eighteen received haemodialysis, fourteen received peritoneal dialysis, three received both and two refused for dialysis. Average duration of hospital stay was 13.6 days. Out of the forty-five cases twenty-nine recovered normal renal function, ten expired, two recovered partially, two progressed to chronic renal failure and two left against medical advice. Overall mortality was 22.2%. Common causes of acute renal failure in our setting were gastroenteritis (22%) and sepsis (20%). HUS was exclusively seen in children following bacillary dysentery. Multiple hornet stings is an important cause of acute renal failure in our country.
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PMID:Acute renal failure in a tertiary care center in Nepal. 1655 67

This survey was performed on children with renal diseases admitted to Shiraz Pediatric Nephrology Unit from October 1993 to March 2000. There was a total of 1358 children, of whom 709 (52%) were boys, with age range of 1 month to 16 years and a mean of 6.5 +/- 4.7 years. Thirty percent of children were below age of 2 years. Admission diagnosis was acute nephritis in 312 (23%) patients, urinary tract infection in 259(19.1%), nephrotic syndrome in 252 (18.6%), chronic renal failure in 202 (14.9%), urologic problems in 101 (7.5%), acute renal failure in 99 (7.3%), metabolic disorders in 47 (3.5%) and hypertension in 39 (2.9%). Acute poststreptococcal nephritis was the most common disease in the acute nephritis group. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome was the most common in the nephrotic syndrome group (64.2%). Chronic renal failure was mainly due to congenital urological malformations (46%). Acute renal failure (ARF) was caused mainly by gastroenteritis. There were six cases of ARF due to scorpion sting and 12 cases due to various malignancies and associated tumorlysis syndrome. Persistent hypertension was caused mainly by reflux nephropathy (50%). We conclude that the patterns of renal diseases found in the Iranian children were similar to those reported from other developing countries with predominance of infection related diseases.
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PMID:Spectrum of In-patient Renal Diseases in Children "A Report from Southern part Islamic Republic of Iran". 1820 61


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