Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vibrio vulnificus has been associated with three main clinical syndromes; primary septicemia; wound infection, and gastroenteritis. This organism has increased virulence for persons with underlying medical conditions that predispose to iron overload or an impaired immune system. Since the organism proliferates more readily in warm, coastal waters, such infections are more commonly found in those regions. Infection can result from the ingestion of contaminated, undercooked seafood; contact of a wound with seawater; or a puncture wound sustained from a contaminated surface. Vibrio infections rarely occur in inland areas, but when they do occur, they are usually a result of the contact of wounds with contaminated, brackish water or the ingestion of raw shellfish. Because infections with this organism occur less frequently in non-coastal regions, the diagnosis may not be suspected initially in susceptible individuals and a delay of treatment may result. We present a case of V. vulnificus sepsis occurring in a man with underlying liver disease and a history of row oyster consumption in Oklahoma and discuss the clinical manifestations of primary sepsis with this organism as well as prevention strategies.
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PMID:Overwhelming sepsis with Vibrio vulnificus: a coastal pathogen in Oklahoma. 893 53

Four hundred children between the ages of 1 month and 14 years with the complaint of diarrhea were studied to assess Campylobacter jejuni isolation rates in childhood acute gastroenteritis in Turkey and to clarify clinical presentations of C. jejuni enteritis. C. jejuni was found to be the second most common isolate with a rate of 8.3%, the first being Shigella strains. The highest isolation rate was in the 6 to 14-year age range at 12%. The most frequent symptoms in patients with C. jejuni enteritis were abdominal pain (51.5%), vomiting (36.4%) and fever (30.3%). Stool examination revealed bloody mucous stool in 51.5% of the patients, and erythrocytes and/or leucocytes were detected in 42.4%. Only 12.1% of the patients with C. jejuni enteritis were hospitalized in this study.
Infection
PMID:Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis in Turkish children. 918 83

Patients receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia were prospectively followed up to determine the frequency, nature and outcome, of episodes of infection during a 6 or 12 month period at each of the participating centres. A total of 605 cycles of chemotherapy were surveyed. Of these, 490 cycles were received by patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 115 by patients with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). 241 episodes of infection were recorded during the survey: 179 among ALL patients and 62 among patients of ANLL. Infections were more common during chemotherapy for ANLL than for ALL, occurring in 54% (62/115) and 36% (179/490) of chemotherapeutic cycle respectively. A favorable response to empiric antibacterial agents was seen in 39% (23/59) of episodes in ANLL patients and 77% (134/174) of episodes among ALL patients. Infection presented as fever of unidentified origin in an overwhelming majority (63%) of episodes. Gastroenteritis and pneumonia occurred with a frequency of 11% and 10% while the frequency of all other diagnoses was 3% or less. Overall, E coli and Candida were the most frequently isolated organisms while Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococci were the most frequent isolates from blood and throat swabs, respectively. A high degree of resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents was seen among the most frequently isolated organisms. About 75% of episodes of infection which did not respond to antibacterial agents responded to empiric systemic antifungal therapy; although fungi were mycologically isolated in only a quarter of these instances. Oropharyngeal candidiasis occurred in association with 3% of chemotherapeutic cycles.
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PMID:Infections in the immunocompromised host: a prospective multicenter survey in patients receiving chemotherapy for acute leukemia. 925 49

An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk-like virus occurred in two areas of the hospital: area 1, consisting of three adjacent and interconnected wards, with mostly elderly patients; and area 22, an acute ward in a separate building with elderly patients. In area 1, 40 patients and 20 staff were affected; in area 2, 18 patients and 14 staff were affected. Infection control measures were instituted in consultation with the government health authority. These measures did not appear to affect the course of the outbreak, but may have prevented spreads to the other wards.
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PMID:Hospital outbreak of Norwalk-like virus. 932 10

Group A human rotavirus (HRV) is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants worldwide. 7 G serotypes of group A HRV have thus far been identified by neutralization tests, of which 4, serotypes G1 through G4, have a global distribution. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to detect the relative frequency and temporal distribution of HRV G serotypes 1-4 among the community of neonates and infants with and without acute diarrhea who attended Cairo University Children's Hospital between August 1992 and October 1993. Fecal samples were collected from 20 neonates and 109 infants under age 1 year with acute diarrhea and from 20 neonates and 30 infants without acute diarrhea. Samples were then tested for the presence of rotavirus antigen using a commercial EIA. Rotavirus was identified in 64 of the 180 neonates and infants; in 15 neonates with diarrhea, 6 neonates without diarrhea, and 43 infants aged 1-12 months. Infection peaked between August and December. Serotypes G1 and G4 predominated in all age groups. Mixed (G1 and G4) and nontypeable specimens represented 16.1% and 38.7% of the total number serotyped, respectively.
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PMID:Serotyping of group A rotaviruses in Egyptian neonates and infants less than 1 year old with acute diarrhea. 935 Jul 78

Denmark has in recent years experienced a rise in the number of bacterial gastrointestinal infections. We have reviewed patients hospitalized with culture confirmed bacterial gastroenteritis in Roskilde County during 1991-1993. Two hundred and seven patients were included, 68 were children (< 15 years). The microorganism isolated was Salmonella in 61% of the cases. Campylobacter in 20% and Yersinia enterocolitica in 13%. Ninety-three percent of the patients had diarrhoea, 74% had fever (> 38 degrees C), and 66% abdominal pain. Blood in the stools was most frequent in patients infected with Campylobacter. Leucocytosis was rare. Twenty-four patients had bacteraemia. Reactive arthritis occurred in 4.8%. Three patients died, all infected with zoonotic Salmonella types. Three stool cultures were made for 115 patients, and all three cultures were positive in 73% of these patients. Bacterial gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization in Roskilde County, 1991-1993 affected mainly children and young adults. Infections due to zoonotic Salmonella types were more severe than Campylobacter and Yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis. It seems necessary to collect at least three stool cultures to secure a bacteriological diagnosis.
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PMID:[Bacterial gastroenteritis in hospitalized patients in Roskilde county 1991-1993]. 946 56

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional drugs. One possible option is to use bacteriophages (phage) as antimicrobial agents. We have conducted a literature review of all Medline citations from 1966-1996 that dealt with the therapeutic use of phage. There were 27 papers from Poland, the Soviet Union, Britain and the U.S.A. The Polish and Soviets administered phage orally, topically or systemically to treat a wide variety of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in both adults and children. Infections included suppurative wound infections, gastroenteritis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, dermatitis, empyemas and pneumonia; pathogens included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Shigella and Salmonella spp. Overall, the Polish and Soviets reported success rates of 80-95% for phage therapy, with rare, reversible gastrointestinal or allergic side effects. However, efficacy of phage was determined almost exclusively by qualitative clinical assessment of patients, and details of dosages and clinical criteria were very sketchy. There were also six British reports describing controlled trials of phage in animal models (mice, guinea pigs and livestock), measuring survival rates and other objective criteria. All of the British studies raised phage against specific pathogens then used to create experimental infections. Demonstrable efficacy against Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus spp. was noted in these model systems. Two U.S. papers dealt with improving the bioavailability of phage. Phage is sequestered in the spleen and removed from circulation. This can be overcome by serial passage of phage through mice to isolate mutants that resist sequestration. In conclusion, bacteriophages may show promise for treating antibiotic resistant pathogens. To facilitate further progress, directions for future research are discussed and a directory of authors from the reviewed papers is provided.
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PMID:Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents. 951 62

The build up of gastrointestinal nematode infections was followed in two grazing experiments. Both experiments included four groups of six calves, a permanently housed non-infected control group and three groups which were grazed from May to October. One of these was moved to aftermath in the beginning of July, the second in the beginning of July and August and the third in the beginning of July, August and September. The build up of gastrointestinal nematode infections was followed by performing faecal egg counts, differentiation of faecal larval cultures, pasture larval counts, serum pepsinogen values, serum antibodies against Cooperia oncophora, weight gain and worm counts. In the second experiment four of the principal trial animals of each group were treated with oxfendazole and subsequently challenged with 100,000 larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi to examine development of immunity against O. ostertagi. The faecal egg counts and the worm counts of the sentinels necropsied in July indicated low initial infections in both experiments. Infection levels in experiment 1 remained low in each group until the beginning of September. However, during the last month, moderate to high infections were acquired by the groups which were moved once or twice. In contrast, low to moderate infections were maintained in the group moved three times. In the second experiment moderate C. oncophora burdens were already observed in the sentinels grazed until the beginning of August. Tracers grazing in August-September with the group moved once acquired high O. ostertagi and C. oncophora infections, whereas those grazed with both other groups acquired moderate infections. In October high infections with both species occurred in the groups moved once and twice, whereas low to moderate infections were observed in the group moved three times. The challenge infection demonstrated a reduction of establishment of O. ostertagi of approximately 70% in all three groups on pasture. The results demonstrate that moving calves at monthly intervals to clean pasture can be an effective method for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis. In addition, the data indicate that it is essential that the last move does not occur more than 1 month before the end of the grazing season.
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PMID:The effect of repeated moves to clean pasture on the build up of gastrointestinal nematode infections in calves. 965 93

The elderly (> or = 65 years of age) are more susceptible to morbidity and mortality from foodborne-induced gastroenteritis than younger individuals. Several factors contribute to the increased susceptibility to foodborne infections as well as other infections in elderly populations. These include an age-associated decrease in humoral and cellular immunity, age-related changes in the gastrointestinal tract (decreased production of gastric acid and decreased intestinal motility), malnutrition, lack of exercise, entry into nursing homes, and excessive use of antibiotics. Data from foodborne outbreaks associated with nursing homes indicate that the elderly are more likely to die from foodborne Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus infections than the general population. Infections by Salmonella species are the most common cause of illness and death in nursing homes with Salmonella enteritidis as the major cause of both morbidity and mortality. While it is impossible to turn back the clock, practicing a healthy life-style with regular exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, receiving regular health care, paying attention to personal hygiene, and monitoring food preparation and handling should lead to a reduced incidence of foodborne and other infections in the elderly.
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PMID:Foodborne illness in the elderly. 976 83

Although Taiwan is not an area where cholera is endemic, from October 1988 to October 1997 30 episodes of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae infection were noted at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Taiwan. Infections generally occurred in hot seasons, and two episodes were concomitant with Vibrio vulnificus infection. Three major clinical presentations were found: bacteremia with concurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or invasive soft-tissue infections that occurred solely in cirrhotic patients; self-limited acute febrile gastroenteritis that occurred in patients with no underlying medical disease; and necrotizing fasciitis or cellulitis that often resulted from a wound on extremities. Other manifestations included fatal pneumonitis in a drowned man and acute pyosalpinx. The differential diagnosis of invasive infections in cirrhotic patients should include infections due to non-O1 V. cholerae or V. vulnificus, and a third-generation cephalosporin and a tetracycline analogue or a fluoroquinolone alone is recommended for treatment of severe vibrio infections.
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PMID:Infections due to non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in southern Taiwan: predominance in cirrhotic patients. 979 33


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