Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Among 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City who have septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, and multiple site infections due to Salmonella, those listed in the New York City AIDS Registry were highly overrepresented. Among the patients listed in the registry, males outnumbered females by 4:1 (septicemia), 9:1 (multiple site infections), 5.6:1 (gastroenteritis), and 2.5:1 (urinary tract infection); among patients not listed, males outnumbered females by 2.7:1 (septicemia), 3:1 (multiple site infections), 1.2:1 (gastroenteritis), and 1.6:1 (urinary tract infection). These results strongly suggest that most nonlisted males with septicemia and multiple site infections, and a minority with gastroenteritis and urinary tract infection, were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. Among individuals who were HIV-positive, or likely to be so, Salmonella enteritidis was more competent in causing septicemia and less competent in causing gastroenteritis than was Salmonella typhimurium; among HIV-negative individuals, the reverse was true. The different capacities for infection with and invasiveness of S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and other Salmonella serotypes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and the use of HIV testing for Salmonella-infected individuals are discussed.
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PMID:Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and salmonellosis in 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City. 801 16

The literature contains reports documenting a foodborne etiology for bacterial infections caused by Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Vibrio spp in individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of these infections and the life-threatening complications that result are elevated in people with HIV infection. We present practical recommendations to prevent foodborne illnesses and the resulting complications, including gastroenteritis, bacteremia, meningitis, and death. We suggest that patients with HIV infection be counseled to avoid foods at high risk for harboring bacterial pathogens and to use careful sanitary practices in food preparation.
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PMID:Foodborne bacterial infections in individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus. 811 77

The occurrence of chronic diarrhea in infants younger than three months suggests disaccharidase deficiency, cow's milk or soy protein intolerance, cystic fibrosis or an immunodeficiency state, while chronic diarrhea in children three to 18 years of age suggests celiac disease, late-onset primary lactose deficiency and inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointestinal infection is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in children of all ages. Diarrhea that develops after the introduction of cow's milk, cereals and fruits suggests an enzyme deficiency or protein intolerance. Watery, explosive stools suggest sugar intolerance, and foul-smelling, greasy, bulky stools suggest fat malabsorption. Marked weight loss suggests malabsorption, inflammatory bowel disease, hyperthyroidism or malignancy. The presence of neutrophils or red blood cells in the stool indicates bacterial gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease, while the presence of eosinophils suggests protein intolerance or parasitic infestation. A toddler who is thriving and cheerful despite having diarrhea may have chronic nonspecific diarrhea of childhood.
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PMID:Evaluating the child with chronic diarrhea. 862 43

One hundred thirty-five children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected mothers were selected randomly to receive immunoglobulin (Gamimune-N, Miles Pharmaceutical Co) 200 mg/kg monthly for 1 year. All patients were seropositive by ELISA and Western blot at birth. At the time of the study, 15 symptomatic (P2) and 57 asymptomatic (P1) patients with evidence of viral infection (positive HIV culture or P24 antigen) received the immunoglobulin. Sixty-three indeterminate (PO) patients with no evidence of infection served as the control. Mean age for infants in group P2 was 32 months, 26 months for group P1, and 11 months for group PO. Significant reduction in the frequency of bacterial infections (ie, otitis media, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and acute gastroenteritis) was seen in the symptomatic group compared with both the asymptomatic and the control groups. Growth as measured by weight and height > 50th percentile was also markedly better in the symptomatic group than either asymptomatic or control patients. There was no significant difference in head circumference in all three groups. These results indicate that monthly intravenous immunoglobulin infusion (IVIG) appears to be beneficial to both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV patients in reducing the frequency of bacterial infection and also enhancement of the immune response. However, symptomatic patients responded much better than the asymptomatic patients.
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PMID:Intravenous immunoglobulin in symptomatic and asymptomatic children with perinatal HIV infection. 926 22

The prevalence of enteric viruses associated with gastroenteritis was determined in 125 stool samples from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with or without diarrhea. Diagnostic assays included enzyme immunoassays for the identification of rotavirus, adenovirus, and Norwalk virus; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for atypical rotaviruses and picobirnaviruses and polymerase chain reaction for astrovirus. Enteric viruses were detected in 6.4% (8 of 125) of the stools collected: five (4.0%) samples positive for adenoviruses, and three (2.3%) samples positive for picobirnaviruses were detected. No rotavirus, astrovirus, or Norwalk virus were observed. Only one of the viruses identified (adenovirus) was found in a sample from a patient with diarrhea. Viruses were detected in 10% of the patients with AIDS, 14% of the symptomatic patients, and none of the asymptomatic persons. These results do not support a major role for enteric viruses in the diarrhea suffered by HIV-infected patients.
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PMID:Prevalence of enteric viruses in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients in Venezuela. 966 37

Nutrition is a final common pathway in chronic disease, and weight loss is a major manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In sub-Saharan Africa, studies have shown that 25% of children with malnutrition have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, although patterns of malnutrition are indistinguishable from those who are HIV negative. Breast-feeding increases the risk of vertical transmission, and the overall risk versus benefit needs continuing careful consideration in relation to local mortality from gastroenteritis and malnutrition. Chronic diarrhea is much more common in HIV-infected children in Africa and may have a multiplicity of causes, including infection with adherent forms of Escherichia coli, protozoa, and even direct HIV infection of intestinal mucosal cells. The HIV wasting syndrome produces reduction in bioelectrical impedence, fat, lean body mass, and body cell mass, but the changes can be predicted from equations used in starvation states. Micronutrients may be important, but observed changes may be due to immune mediator activation, rather than malnutrition. Calorie supplementation is beneficial when delivered by any route, but is likely to produce the greatest positive change when CD4 counts are highest in relation to calorie intake. Paradoxically, HIV-infected children may be obese early in the disease until AIDS develops. There is an inextricable link between disease and nutritional status. In children with AIDS wasting syndrome, a low CD4 count and high viral load are likely so that effective antiviral treatment may ultimately produce the greatest improvement in health, including nutritional status.
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PMID:Global issues in pediatric nutrition: AIDS. 978 58

Childhood mortality and morbidity patterns in the English-speaking Caribbean have changed significantly over the past 40 years. Acute respiratory illness, physical injury and conditions originating in the perinatal period have replaced malnutrition, gastroenteritis and other infectious diseases as major causes of illness and death in Caribbean children. Although population growth has slowed down, about one-third of the population of the English-speaking Caribbean remains under the age of 15 years. Infant mortality rates have also fallen but the major contributor to this decline has been a reduction in post-neonatal deaths. The decrease in mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases has led to a prominence of disorders originating in the perinatal period, psychosocial problems and chronic childhood disorders. Adverse economic conditions are held culpable for the re-emergence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and pulmonary tuberculosis in some territories. There is an urgent need to focus attention on the areas of perinatal and adolescent health, childhood disability, accidental and non-accidental injury, sexual abuse and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Immunization programmes also require continuing support and expansion. These tasks cannot be accomplished without meaningful long term investment of financial and human resources in the health and educational services of the region.
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PMID:The changing face of paediatrics in the English-speaking Caribbean. 1063 56

Oman is generally hot and dry, but the Salalah region in southern Dhofar province is relatively cool and rainy during the summer monsoon, and has a distinctive pattern of infection. Important, notifiable infections in Oman include tuberculosis, brucellosis (endemic in Dhofar), acute gastroenteritis, and viral hepatitis: 4.9% of the adults are seropositive for hepatitis B surface antigen and approximately 1.2% for hepatitis C virus. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus is uncommon, and leprosy, rabies, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are rare. Between 1990 and 1998, the incidence of malaria, (>70% due to Plasmodium falciparum) decreased from 32,700 to 882 cases. Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (caused by Leishmania tropica and L. infantum, respectively) and Bancroftian filariasis occur sporadically. Intestinal parasitism ranges from 17% to 42% in different populations. A solitary focus of schistosomiasis mansoni in Dhofar has been eradicated. There are major programs for the elimination of tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria, and to control brucellosis, leishmaniasis, sexually transmitted diseases, trachoma, acute respiratory infection in children, and diarrheal diseases. The Expanded Program on Immunization was introduced in 1981: diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, and probably poliomyelitis have been eliminated.
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PMID:Infectious and tropical diseases in Oman: a review. 1067 71

According to the "International Passenger Survey," published in 1996 by the Office of Trading Standards, 534,000 British people traveled to the Caribbean area (personal communication, ABTA, 1998). The Dominican Republic, the eastern end of a large Caribbean island, has become in recent years one of the most popular destinations for UK holidaymakers as well as for travelers from many other countries. Cyclospora cayatensis has been firmly identified as a cause of gastroenteritis among international travelers,1 including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals,2 but it has not been previously reported in the literature in British individuals returning from this increasingly popular vacation destination.
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PMID:Two simultaneous cases of Cyclospora cayatensis enteritis returning from the Dominican Republic. 1068 43

The use of probiotics to enhance intestinal health has been proposed for many years. Probiotics are traditionally defined as viable microorganisms that have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of specific pathologic conditions when they are ingested. There is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders. However, the scientific basis of probiotic use has been firmly established only recently, and sound clinical studies have begun to be published. Currently, the best-studied probiotics are the lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. However, other organisms used as probiotics in humans include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacteroides sp., Bacillus sp., Propionibacterium sp. and various fungi. Some probiotic preparations contain mixtures of more than one bacterial strain. Probiotics have been examined for their effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of a diverse spectrum of gastrointestinal disorders such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea (including Clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease), infectious bacterial and viral diarrhea (including diarrhea caused by rotavirus, Shigella, Salmonella, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Vibrio cholerae and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency disorder, enteral feeding diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori gastroenteritis, sucrase maltase deficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and lactose intolerance. Probiotics have been found to inhibit intestinal bacterial enzymes involved in the synthesis of colonic carcinogens. There are many mechanisms by which probiotics enhance intestinal health, including stimulation of immunity, competition for limited nutrients, inhibition of epithelial and mucosal adherence, inhibition of epithelial invasion and production of antimicrobial substances. Probiotics represent an exciting prophylactic and therapeutic advance, although additional investigations must be undertaken before their role in intestinal health can be delineated clearly.
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PMID:The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health. 1072 14


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