Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Formula-fed babies contract gastroenteritis more than breast-fed babies, which is of concern to mothers who cannot breastfeed or, as with HIV-infected mothers, are discouraged from breastfeeding. The ability of endogenous breastmilk xanthine oxidase to generate the antimicrobial radical nitric oxide has been measured and its influence on the growth of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritides examined. Breastmilk, but not formula feed, generated nitric oxide. Xanthine oxidase activity substantially inhibited the growth of both bacteria. An important natural antibiotic system is missing in formula feeds; the addition of xanthine oxidase may improve formula for use when breastfeeding is not a safe option.
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PMID:Antibacterial properties of xanthine oxidase in human milk. 1102 33

Rhodococcus equi is a common cause of pneumonia in animals. Human infection is rare. Increasing number of cases are being reported in immunosuppressed individuals mostly associated with HIV infection, but also in solid organ transplant recipients and leukemia/lymphoma patients. We report on an adult male who developed pneumonia and gastroenteritis 4 mo after receiving a renal transplant. CT scan of the lungs showed a dominant 2.5-cm upper lobe lung mass and smaller bilateral nodules. He underwent a diagnostic bronchoscopy with fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the largest lung nodule. Smears showed histiocytic granulomatous inflammation, foamy macrophages, and acute inflammatory exudate. Scattered foamy macrophages displayed intracellular coccobacilli identifiable on Diff-Quik stain. A few cells with changes suggestive of viral inclusions were identified. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunostain was positive in the cell block sections. Lung cultures grew R. equi. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of coinfection with R. equi and CMV.
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PMID:Rhodococcus equi and cytomegalovirus pneumonia in a renal transplant patient: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. 1116 94

A case is presented of a 34-year-old man with a 10-year history of HIV infection (CD4 counts 750-1100/mm3) who initially presented with upper right quadrant pain that was crampy, achy and periumbilical, not affected by food, and was indicative of early-stage acalculous cholecystitis. Over a three month period, tests failed to identify the cause of his pain. It was first labeled gastroenteritis and then irritable bowel syndrome. By the third month, his pain was mostly in the right upper quadrant. This area was sore when touched and worse after ingestion of fatty foods. A test detected elevated transaminases. It appeared that he had acalculous cholecystitis, which is one of several hepatobiliary complications of HIV. In HIV-infected individuals, acalculous cholecystitis is often an infectious disease of the biliary tract. Patients present with right upper quadrant and/or epigastric pain that is worse after fatty meals. Eventually, sonographs can detect a thickening of the gall bladder wall and dilation of the hepatic ducts, but early in the disease it is unlikely that the test result will be abnormal. The condition is often caused by CMV and cryptosporidium, but other pathogens may also cause acalculous cholecystitis. Perforation of the gall bladder and development of potentially irreversible abnormalities which complicate infection may result if the condition is left untreated. Although frequently connected with infectious diseases, cholecystitis may also occur in patients with high CD4 counts and no other HIV-related conditions.
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PMID:Abdominal pain in an HIV-infected man. 1136 36

The present population in South Africa, roughly 43 million inhabitants, is made up of Africans (77.2%), whites (10.5%), Coloureds (mixed race) (8.8%) and Indians (2.5%). In 1900 the infant mortality rate (IMR) among Africans was 330 per 1,000 live births; this has now fallen to 50-60. In Soweto, a primarily African city, IMR averages 20-25. Life expectancy in the past was only 25-30 years; by 1995, this reached 63 years. However, this could fall again due to the rapidly spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic. Life expectancy could fall to 40-45 years by 2010 with the AIDS epidemic being the cause of half of all deaths--a disastrous change from the previous relatively commendable public health situation. Formerly, the most common causes of deaths in young people were infections, diseases associated with malnutrition and gastroenteritis. Adults died almost solely from infections, including typhoid, dysentery, malaria and tuberculosis (TB). Even though diseases associated with malnutrition are less common today, many infections still remain a major problem, particularly TB, which is increasing. As late as 1970, Africans who reached 50 years had longer life expectancy than whites due to the low prevalences of the chronic diseases of lifestyle. This is no longer so, due to the recent rises in non-communicable disorders/diseases, principally obesity in women, hypertension, diabetes, stroke and the cancers of prosperity. In the not so distant future, the level of control of HIV/AIDS related diseases will be the major health/disease regulating factor among Africans. Among white, Coloured and Indian populations, there have been falls in the mortality rates of the young and, despite rises in lifestyle diseases, increases in life expectancy are continuing. For all populations other important public health regulatory factors include water supply, sanitation, clinic/hospital services and personal environmental factors, employment, dietary pattern and intake, smoking practices and alcohol consumption and physical activity, particularly in urban dwellers. Unfortunately, public health expenditure, also a highly regulating factor, has fallen from 8.2% of the gross domestic product in 1994 to 4.1% in 2000.
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PMID:Changes in public health in South Africa from 1876. 1146 13

Invasive infection and extraintestinal complications are rarely caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides, a waterborne bacterium implicated in gastroenteritis. Recent evidence from several reports suggests its importance in causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of P shigelloides bacteremia and epididymo-orchitis in a patient with HIV infection and chronic hepatitis C. This case illustrates a novel site of involvement by P shigelloides and underscores its role as an opportunistic pathogen.
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PMID:Case report. Epididymo-orchitis and bacteremia caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in an HIV-infected patient. 1180 75

In the first half of the 20th century, improved living conditions, preventive measures, vaccines and antibiotics led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. It was predicted that the conquest of all infectious diseases was imminent. However, 50 years later, in 1999, they were still the major cause of disease worldwide, and caused nearly one third of all deaths (a total of 55.9 million). The eradication of smallpox in the 1970s and the approaching eradication of poliomyelitis represent major achievements. The prevalence of measles, pertussis and tetanus neonatorum is also markedly reduced, but still 1.5 million children in developing countries die each year because of lack of vaccines. Malaria and tuberculosis are re-emerging. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS are the diseases with known aetiology that cause most deaths, altogether 5 million each year. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections cause 6.5 million deaths annually. Infections in the immunocompromised host have become a "trade mark" of today's advanced medicine. Almost every year, new diseases related to new micro-organisms are described; over the last 30 years, approximately 40 new diseases/micro-organisms have been diagnosed. Among the best known are HIV/AIDS, peptic ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori, Legionnaires' disease, borreliosis (Lyme disease), hepatitis C, gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus, and Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Antimicrobial resistance development of micro-organisms has become one of the major health problems worldwide; a number of preventive measures are being introduced.
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PMID:[Microorganisms strike back--infectious diseases during the last 50 years]. 1180 14

In a 2-year hospital-based study of paediatric gastroenteritis in Blantyre, Malawi, astroviruses were detected by enzyme immunoassay in 15 (1.9%) of 786 inpatients and in 9 (2.3%) of 400 outpatients. Greater disease severity was noted in children coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Six human astrovirus (HAstV) genotypes were identified, including HAstV-1 (25%), HAstV-2 (21%), HAstV-3 (25%), HAstV-4 (13%), HAstV-5 (4%), and HAstV-8 (13%). Although astroviruses are not major causes of gastroenteritis among children admitted to hospital in Blantyre, concomitant HIV infection appears to be a risk factor for increased severity of disease.
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PMID:Detection and characterisation of human astroviruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Blantyre, Malawi. 1211 5

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical presentations and outcomes of all HIV+ patients who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and to compare the outcomes of those with advanced disease (CD4 < 200/mm(3)) to those with early or middle stage disease (CD4 >or= 200/mm(3)). We conducted a retrospective chart review in an urban municipal hospital ED and included subjects if they were HIV+ and had a chief complaint of abdominal pain. Demographic and clinical data were entered into a standardized database; patients with advanced disease were compared with those with early or middle stage disease. One hundred eight patient visits were reviewed. The mean age was 37 +/- 7.6 years with mean CD4 count of 263/mm(3); 44% had CD4 counts <200/mm(3). Abdominal pain of unknown etiology, gastroenteritis/diarrhea, and ulcer disease/gastritis/dyspepsia were the three most common diagnostic categories for all patients. With the exception of disseminated mycobacterial disease, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. AIDS-associated opportunistic infections represented only 10% of the ED diagnosis of those patients with advanced disease. Only 8% of patients required intra-abdominal surgical procedures, however, 37% were admitted compared with 18% of patients without HIV disease (p < 0.001). Patients infected with HIV presenting with abdominal pain most often have a non-HIV related cause of abdominal pain and infrequently require surgery. However, HIV+ patients are admitted at twice the rate of the non-HIV infected population.
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PMID:Abdominal pain in the HIV infected patient. 1235 77

We report a study of adopted children admitted to the children's wards of Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua New Guinea over a 5-month period in 2000. The proportion of hospitalized children known to be adopted was almost three times that in the children's outpatients department. Gastroenteritis and neonatal sepsis were more common causes of admission in adopted children than in the general paediatric hospital population. Admitted adopted children were lighter and shorter than the controls with no difference in weight-for-height, suggesting that stunting is the predominant nutritional problem among adopted children. These differences were even more marked in children with diagnoses other than gastroenteritis. Thirty-three (82.5 per cent) of the adopted children had ever been bottle fed compared with 11 (13.75 per cent) of the controls (p = 0.029). Twelve (30 per cent) children had been adopted because of neglect or abandonment. The biological mothers of seven of these children had died, and two children had been bought for cash. Biological mothers were more likely than the adoptive or control mothers to be single and less than 20 years of age. Knowledge of formal adoption procedures was very poor. The present study therefore shows that adoption in Papua New Guinea is not without risk and it is important that adoption should be recognized as having the potential for serious adverse effects on the child's well-being, especially since adoption is likely to become even more prevalent as the HIV epidemic continues. Consideration needs to be given to protection of the rights of children at high risk of adoption.
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PMID:Adoption and hospital admission in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. 1240 67

Since the onset of the HIV epidemic, AIDS has become the leading cause of mortality in the paediatric age group in many developing countries. The main objective of this study was to review the mortality in HIV-infected paediatric patients in Barbados. It is a retrospective analysis of the hospitalization course of HIV-infected paediatric patients aged < 16 years who died during a 15-year period of surveillance. Using a specific database, information pertaining to number and duration of hospitalizations, and cause of death were analyzed. There were 39 (65%) deaths among 60 HIV-infected patients diagnosed during the period of study. Twenty-one (54%) were male and 18 (46%) were female. Twenty-seven (69%) case records were retrieved for analysis. The highest mortality (56%) was among patients aged < 1 year and between 1989 and 1995. Hospitalizations averaged three per patient. No patient received anti-retroviral therapy. Nineteen (70%) patients died during hospitalization on the paediatric ward. Lower respiratory tract infections suspected to be Pneumocystis carinii, gastroenteritis and septicaemia were the most frequent diagnoses at the time of death. The annual mortality ranged between 0 and 1.7 (mean 0.7) per 1000 live births. The overall mortality rate was high among HIV-infected paediatric patients, with lower respiratory tract infections being implicated as a major contributing cause of death. Results of this study definitely indicate a need for improved resources in the management of paediatric HIV/AIDS cases, especially focussing on the availability and administration of anti-retroviral therapy.
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PMID:Mortality among HIV-infected paediatric patients in Barbados. 1280 49


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