Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eleven children were identified as being seropositive for HIV-1 at the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia between January 1988 and September 1989. The diagnosis was confirmed by both ELISA and Western blot methods performed at the National Research Institute of Health, Special Laboratory for AIDS. The mean age was 2 years and 5 months, with a range of 1 week to 10 years. There were 7 boys and 4 girls. The most common admitting diagnoses were pneumonia (5), gastroenteritis (5), marasmus (5), disseminated tuberculosis (4), and abandonment (3). One patient had extensive facial molluscum contagiosum. Symptoms at admission or during hospitalization included diarrhoea (9), failure to thrive (8), fever (7), and cough (7). Physical findings included hepatosplenomegaly (5), lymphadenopathy (3), and oral candidiasis (2). No patient with an opportunistic infection or radiographic evidence of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) was identified. Five patients were classified as marasmic and 4 as underweight. Evidence suggestive of encephalopathy (developmental delay and/or microcephaly) was present in 5 patients. The VDRL was non-reactive in the 5 patients in whom it was tested. Nine children were presumed to have acquired the infection by perinatal transmission, though the passive transfer of maternal antibodies or postnatally acquired infection could not be excluded. One child was thought to have acquired the infection by blood transfusion. Three children died during their hospital stay. Paediatric HIV infection exists in Ethiopia; however, these children do not present with characteristic opportunistic infections but with signs and symptoms reflecting the most common paediatric problems seen in the country. Prevention of HIV infection in children entails the prevention of infection in women of childbearing age, counselling of infected women, and effective screening of blood products.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiological features of HIV-1 seropositive hospitalized Ethiopian children. 206 May 7

Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a protozoan that may inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. In our study we reviewed the signs and symptoms of patients at Wilford Hall with stool specimens positive for B. hominis. These patients fell into four groups, HIV-positive adults, foreign nationals, children, and adults not known to be HIV positive. B. hominis caused an acute self-limited diarrheal illness, or chronic gastroenteritis with nausea, abdominal pain, and mild diarrhea. Metronidazole effectively relieved the symptoms and cleared the organism in some but not all patients.
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PMID:Blastocystis hominis infection: signs and symptoms in patients at Wilford Hall Medical Center. 212 Jun 22

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has several possible roles in the pathogenesis of AIDS. CMV causes a number of clinical syndromes, including retinitis, pneumonitis, and gastroenteritis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In addition, CMV may potentiate the cellular immunodeficiency observed in patients with HIV infection either directly or through enhancement of HIV replication. Finally, CMV may predispose the host to bacterial or fungal infection by compromising the integrity of mucosal barriers to infection. Therapy with ganciclovir for CMV infection may result in a decrease in morbidity related to the virus, but problems with drug toxicity and resistance to the agent mandate the development of additional therapeutic approaches.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus in the setting of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. 164 83

The registry of patients at the hospital of Kampene, Zaire, covering the period 1986-87 was examined to determine the hospital's rate of utilization and accessibility, to evaluate mortality, and to ascertain the prevalence of infectious diseases. The 1986 data of the hospital laboratory indicated a high incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases: ancylostomiasis (33.6%); ascariasis (22.9%); schistosomiasis (3.4%); multiple intestinal parasitic infections (10.9%); malaria (43%), often chloroquine-resistant; filariasis (70.8%); and alcohol-acid resistant tuberculosis bacilli (15%). Sexually-transmitted diseases such as vaginitis (80%) were caused by polygamy, prostitution, and promiscuity, HIV serodiagnosis could not be performed because of a lack of equipment. A high infant mortality rate was caused by neonatal tetanus, toxic gastroenteritis, measles (5.1% lethality: 2 died out of 39 cases), and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. Malnutrition caused kwashiorkor and avitaminosis. 792 births were registered at the maternity ward in 1986: 52.8% were male and 47.2% were female; 48 (6.1%) were stillborn or died in the following days; 104 (13.1%) were born prematurely; and 24 (3.1%) were twins. Cesarean section was performed in 43 cases (5.4%). There was a total of 15,099 outpatient visits during a 1-year period. The bed occupancy rate of the surgical ward ranged between .7 and .8 during 1987. Recovery and hospitalization days per doctor or health assistant were very high compared to Italian standards. The lethality of malaria was a high 1.8%, but malnutrition rated even higher: 21.4%. The utilization of the hospital was high, Maternal-child protection measures, especially in the area of nutrition, require the training of community health workers and traditional birth attendants; however, cost-benefit considerations limit resources and the implementation of primary health care is curtailed by economic and cultural factors.
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PMID:[Health care organization and health in a region of Zaire]. 248 74

Hyponatremia has been recognized as a complication in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We did a retrospective study evaluating the medical records of 86 children (age 4 months to 21 years) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection to determine the frequency and clinical associations of hyponatremia. Twenty-two children (26%) developed hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L; range 104 to 134 mEq/L; mean 130 mEq/L). Fourteen were male; 18 of the 22 patients were black and 4 were white. At the time of hyponatremia, the children frequently had comorbid associations, including 8 (35%) with AIDS encephalopathy; 3 (14%) with cardiomyopathy; 3 (14%) using diuretics; 1 (5%) using pentamidine; 3 (14%) with bacterial pneumonia; 2 (9%) requiring gastric lavage feedings; 2 (9%) with tuberculosis meningitis; 2 (9%) with gastroenteritis; 1 (5%) with infection caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; 1 (5%) each with brain tumor and tumor metastasis to brain. The cause of hyponatremia was attributed to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in 8 children; poor sodium intake and/or excessive diarrheal losses in 5; and the use of diuretics in 3 patients. Mild hyponatremia with no identifiable cause was found in 5 patients.
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PMID:Hyponatremia in pediatric patients with HIV-1 infection. 748 60

We present a patient with a very large pericardial effusion due to disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection with associated bacteraemia and gastroenteritis. He was HIV antibody-positive with a CD4+ lymphocyte count of 10 x 10(6)/l. He complained of fevers, diarrhoea and dyspnoea and an echocardiogram showed a pericardial effusion. Chest X-ray showed progressive enlargement of the cardiac silhouette over a 3-month period. The effusion was drained surgically and antimycobacterial therapy (clarithromycin, clofazamine, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, amikacin) was initiated. The patient had complete resolution of his pericardial effusion both clinically and radiologically. Three other AIDS patients with pericardial effusions caused by MAC are described in the medical literature, two died of cardiac dysfunction shortly after diagnosis. There is a case described of MAC-related pericardial effusion in a HIV-negative immunocompetent patient which resolved antimycobacterial therapy. MAC should be included in the differential diagnosis of pericardial effusions in AIDS patients. A combination of medical therapy and surgical intervention may give rise to considerable clinical benefit especially if initiated early.
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PMID:Mycobacterium avium: a potentially treatable cause of pericardial effusions. 775 68

Over an 18-month period, from October 1991 through early 1993, a study was carried out in two phases in the pediatric wards of the Eldoret District Hospital to document infant and child morbidity and mortality in the Uasin Gishu district and parts of several surrounding districts in western Kenya. Patient discharge summaries and ward registers were analyzed for age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and outcome. There were a total 4720 pediatric admissions over the period. The most frequent 20 diseases were identified and their respective case fatalities were calculated. 74.5% of the admissions were due to only four diseases: malaria (33.0%), pneumonia (26.8%), gastroenteritis (10%), and measles (7.6%). Malaria was responsible for only 9 (9.1%) of all deaths. The disease specific mortality rate for malaria was 2.2%, 11th among the top 15 diseases. 20 (20.4%) out of a total of 98 deaths were due to pneumonia. Measles was becoming less important as a cause of morbidity because of immunization: in 1991, over 20 cases/per month were admitted, but by 1993 only 6.5 cases/month were admitted, a decrease of 68%. Neonatal tetanus was responsible for 43.2% of neonatal mortality during the 18 months. In addition, 47 infants and children had severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.0 gm%); 8 (17%) of these children died despite emergency blood transfusions. The overall mortality rate in the hospital during the study was 8.2%, which compares with 9.6% reported in Tanzania in 1987. 61 (64.9%) deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization owing to delay in seeking medical care. In a 1988 study in Harare, 201 (43.7%) of 460 deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of admission. Furthermore, during February through June 1992, 29 of 57 children under 2 years of age admitted for gastroenteritis tested positive for HIV antibodies. A retrospective review of the ward register also showed that in 20% of the admissions the outcome was not recorded, in 25% the length of stay could not be determined, and for 8.3% the age of the patient was not recorded.
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PMID:Paediatric morbidity and mortality at the Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 779 68

A total of 900 consecutive admissions to the Regional Infection Unit at the City Hospital Aberdeen in 1991 have been analysed and the results compared with a similar study during 1980 and 1981. The annual number of admissions increased from 605 to 900, of which 72% in 1991 had proven infections compared with 60% a decade earlier. More patients were admitted with gastroenteritis, tonsillitis and soft tissue infection in 1991 and fewer with non-infectious jaundice. HIV-related conditions contributed 4% of the admissions and 29% of the mortality. Brucellosis disappeared as a reason for requesting hospital admission in North East Scotland.
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PMID:An analysis of 900 consecutive admissions to a regional infection unit. 780 82

All children 2 years and younger with diagnosis of gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting) admitted to the Eldoret District Hospital between the February and June 1992 were enrolled. ELISA test was performed for HIV for each of the 57 children. In addition, relevant tests were carried out in all cases, such as hemogram, stool for ova and cysts, blood slide for malaria parasites, and urinalysis. The ELISA results were confirmed by the Western blot for all positive cases. A total of 57 children, 32 (56.1%) males and 25 (43.9%) females were studied. All the children were 2 years or younger, with 61.4% under 9 months old. The difference with respect to distribution of HIV positivity and negativity in those under 9 months and those above 9 months was significant (p 0.001). 29 of the 57 infants (50.9%) were ELISA and Western blot positive. Of the positive cases, 23 (79.3%) were 9 months or younger, with 6 (20.7%) between 9 months and 24 months (p 0.001). Of the 33 (58.3%) patients with diarrhea of less than 14 days' duration, 12 (36.70%) were seropositive, and of the 24 (41.7%) with diarrhea of more than 14 days, 17 (70.8%) were HIV positive. The difference in the duration of diarrhea in both the positive and negative cases in the 2 groups was significant. There were 34 patients who presented with diarrhea and vomiting alone of whom 15 (44.1%) were positive for HIV, while there were 10 who presented with diarrhea and either malnutrition or pneumonia with 8 (80%) positive for HIV. Diarrhea lasting more than 14 days was a significant parameter, as 70.8% of the patients in this category were seropositive for HIV compared to 36.7% in those with diarrhea of less than 14 days' duration (p 0.02). In addition, children 0-9 months old had a higher incidence of HIV seropositivity than the older age group, especially the age group 5-9 months, 73.6% of whom were seropositive.
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PMID:HIV seropositivity in children admitted with diarrhoea at Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 782 Dec 40

Shigella gastroenteritis is uncommon among HIV seropositive patients and may be complicated in some patients by bacteremia; S. flexneri being the most frequently detected serogroup. While recurrent Salmonella bacteremia is common among HIV-seropositive patients, recurrent Shigella bacteremia is not. We report here an HIV-seropositive patient with Shigella gastroenteritis, polymicrobial bacteremia due to S. flexneri and S. boydii, and recurrent gastroenteritis and bacteremia with S. boydii. Relapsing infection with the same strain of S. boydii was determined using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Thus, HIV-seropositive patients who develop Shigella infections may require prolonged treatment and/or suppressive therapy, similar to those infected with Salmonella. Patients who develop recurrent disease should be suspected as having polymicrobial bacteremia since the incidence of this may be underestimated among patients with AIDS, particularly those with concurrent gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Polymicrobial and recurrent bacteremia with Shigella in a patient with AIDS. 1105 75


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