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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pattern of infection with gastrointestinal nematodes in young fattening lambs was determined during the period 1965-69 in 10 counties of the UK. On 25 farms with a history Nematodirus disease, 193 lambs were killed, mostly in pairs, at intervals of three weeks from the end of April to mid-July. In three of the seasons similar studies were extended to mid-September on 33 farms which had a history of parasitic gastroenteritis. Worms were counted 361 parasitic gastroenteritis. Worms were counted in 361 lambs killed at intervals of four weeks. The degree of infection and incidence of different genera covering the same period were identical in both series. The division into Nematodirus and parasitic gastroenteritis farms proved artificial and the results were combined to obtain an overall picture based on average worm burdens during weekly periods from the last week in April to the second week in September. An average total of 2500 worms was present in four-week-old lambs at the end of April and this rose steadily to a peak of 10, 000 during the first week in June. A gradual fall to 5500 in mid-July was followed by a rapid rise which had reached 22, 000 at the end of observations in mid-September. The first wave of infection up to mid-July consisted almost entirely of Nematodirus and Ostertagia in the approximate proportions 3;1, 2:1 and 1-5:1 midway through the months of May, June and July respectively. The second rise from mid-July onwards consisted principally of Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus. Nematodirus worm numbers remained at a lower level while a few Cooperia and Haemonchus had appeared. Unidentified third and fourth stage larvae in the abomasum and small intestine reflected the prevalence of Ostertagia and Nematodirus respectively. The significance of this infection pattern, which was common to all geopgraphical areas, in relation to the epidemiology of parasitic infections in lambs is discussed.
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PMID:The pattern of infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes in young fattening lambs at pasture. 111 55

The effect of different larval dose level and dosing regimens on the course of Cooperia oncophora infection in calves was studied. Four groups each of 4 calves were experimentally infected either with 50,000 or 200,000 C. oncophora larvae (L3) given either as single infections or as daily trickle infections. An additional group of calves remained as uninfected controls. The animals were necropsied on week 4 after infection. Mild to moderate clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis developed among calves given high doses of larvae, but liveweight gains were not significantly different from those of the uninfected controls. Serum pepsinogen levels of dosed animals were within normal ranges but rose slightly, and on day 14 p.i. they differed significantly from those of the controls. On that occasion, the levels of serum pepsinogen in the trickle infected groups significantly exhibited the levels of the single infected groups. Hypoalbuminaemia was not a feature on any occasion. The various groups did not differ significantly with regard to total worm counts and adult worm counts, but the groups receiving high larval dose harboured significantly more fourth stage larvae than the group receiving low doses of larvae, both in terms of absolute counts and in terms of percentages of total worm burdens. Within the same dose level, there was a tendency of a more even distribution of worms along the small intestine when the infections was given as a single infection compared with a trickle infection. The results indicate that C. oncophora larval dose and dosing regimens may influence the pathogenic effects and to some extent the distribution of the parasite in the small intestine.
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PMID:Experimental infections with Cooperia oncophora in calves. A study with two different larval dose levels and dosing regimens. 144 70

A systematic investigation of morbidity patterns was conducted in 1977- 80 among 2580 children under 12 years of age attending mobile hospital camps in 4 districts on India's Hamachal Pradesh. The children came from remote villages where socioeconomic and educational levels were low and environmental sanitation was rudimentary. There were 1301 cases of protein energy malnutrition in this group, 124 involving children 0-1 year of age, 514 in the 1-5-year age group, and 663 (51%) in the 5-12- year age group. At the time of examination, 287 of the children were infested with worms and 125 had diarrhea. These 3 conditions-- malnutrition, worm infestation, and diarrhea--were present in 32% of the village children surveyed. The most common form of morbidity was nutritional disorders (malnutrition, anemia, and vitamin deficiencies), affecting 70% of the children. The next most common condition was respiratory infection, affecting 35%. Other disorders affecting significant numbers of children were scabies, pyoderma, convulsions, mental retardation, rheumatic fever and congenital heart diseases, and renal diseases. Morbidity from conditions such as gastroenteritis, measles, and pneumonia was often accompanied by malnutrition. Thus, there is a need in this area for child health programs aimed at providing nutrition education as well as improving immunization coverage.
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PMID:Childhood morbidity in mobile hospital camps in Himachal Pradesh. 262 Sep 84

The significance of the worm burden in the diagnosis of parasitic gastroenteritis is examined. It is emphasised that the worm population is in a dynamic state with the calf constantly losing part of its worm burden while picking up new infective larvae. The numbers and proportion of late fourth stage Ostertagia ostertagi larvae gives an indication of the success of the animal in controlling its worm burden. During an examination of the worm population it is also necessary to look at the condition and degree of development of adult female worms to assess the efficiency of the calf's acquired resistance to infection.
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PMID:Interpretation of abomasal worm burdens in cattle. 292 84

The opinions of 142 doctors on the relevance of anatomy to the diagnosis and management of common clinical problems in their current medical and dental practice were analysed. This was in a bid to determine the relevant anatomy course content for the new primary health care oriented medical and dental curriculum of the College of Medicine, University of Lagos. The respondents gave high scores to the relevance of anatomy knowledge to the management of acute abdomen (mean = 3.5), dislocated shoulder (3.3), Colles' fracture (3.2), palmar space abscess (3.2), obstructed labour (3.2), carcinoma of the breast (3.2), ectopic pregnancy (3.1), flail chest (3.1) and upper respiratory obstruction (3.0). They gave minimal scores to helminthiasis (mean = 1.5) common cold and anaemia (1.6), sickle cell disease (1.7), gastroenteritis (1.8), dental abscess (2.0), hypertension (2.2) and asthma (2.2). A basis for selecting relevant anatomy course content is deduced for an undergraduate curriculum in which the responsibilities and competence of the graduates is known. A nationwide extension of the study, especially amongst general practitioners and first-line doctors in rural areas, would be useful for identification of health problems that require little or no knowledge of anatomy and which can be safely managed by lower cadres of health personnel, traditional practitioners and members of the lay community.
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PMID:What anatomy shall we teach medical and dental students in a primary health care curriculum? 320 92

In studies on the control of parasitic gastroenteritis in calves and sheep, involving an annual rotation of pastures grazed by these host species, it was shown that young cattle could play an important role in the epidemiology of Nematodirus battus, a species usually regarded as a parasite of lambs. Thus, young cattle readily acquired heavy burdens of N battus in spring and the contamination of pastures with eggs from these infections resulted in significant populations of larvae on the herbage, which were infective to both calves and lambs grazed on these pastures in the following year. Although the majority of the N battus eggs hatched in the spring, some hatched in the autumn. The calves developed a strong immunity to N battus during the grazing season as demonstrated by the absence of worms at necropsy in the autumn, despite the presence of infective larvae on the pasture.
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PMID:Nematodirus battus infection in calves. 342 86

Two experiments were done to evaluate the effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate, anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. In experiment 1, good control of nematode contamination of pasture was indicated by lower worm burdens in tracer calves that grazed with 15 heifers treated orally with a single bolus and by significantly decreased numbers of nematode eggs in the feces of the 15 treated heifers, as compared with numbers of eggs in the feces of 15 nontreated control calves. Significant differences in weight gain were not seen between treated and nontreated heifers, probably due to low amounts of larval exposure, the small number of heifers evaluated, and parasitic resistance in the heifers, which may have developed as a result of prestudy exposure to contaminated pasture. In experiment 2, done 1 year after the 1st experiment, using the same pastures that were used in experiment 1, young heifers were used. Many of the heifers were parasite naive at the beginning of the experiment (ie, nematode eggs were not found before the experiment). Treatment with the bolus was effective in controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in the heifers and in controlling nematode contamination of pasture. Compared with nontreated heifers, treated heifers had significantly higher cumulative weight gains, a significant decrease in plasma pepsinogen concentrations, and a significant decrease in worm egg excretion. The number of worms acquired by tracer calves that were grazed with treated heifers was significantly less than for tracer calves that were grazed with nontreated heifers.
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PMID:Effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. 407 33

An oral questionnaire method was used with parents to determine the effect of birth interval and birth order on the morbidity pattern of children below age 5. 3 localities in India were selected -- Sir Syed Nagar, Zohra Bagh, and Jeevan Garh as all the families residing in these localities are registered under the Urban Health Training Center of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine. All children (280 from 160 families) between 0-5 years were included. 256 children belonging to 150 families were studied longitudinally for 1 year (January-December 1978), with follow-ups at 3-week intervals. Only 8.6% of the children were from social class 1; the majority (67.4%) belonged to lower social classes 4 and 5. 68.5% of the fathers and 88.8% of the mothers were illiterate; both parents were illiterate for 64% of the 256 children. Only 8.6% of the children had no illness during the study period; the remaining 91.4% suffered from 1 or another illness. The disease incidence rate was 3.4 per child and 3.7 per sick child whereas the spell rate was 5.5 per sick child. An inverse relationship was observed between birth interval and prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, worm infestation, respiratory infection, and gastroenteritis. When the birth interval was more than 4 years, the risk of malnutrition tended to be reduced by about 7 times, which was statistically significant. The incidence of respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, anemia, worm infestation, and vitamin deficiency declined from 63.6, 72.7, 45.5, 36.4, and 46.5% to 50, 43.5, 36.0, 18.7, and 31.2%, respectively, with an increase in birth interval from 1 year to 5 years. The decline in the incidence was more pronounced in anemia, worm infestation, and gastroenteritis. The incidence of all the major illnesses increased with an increase in birth order. The increase is more significant beyond the 3rd birth order.
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PMID:Morbidity pattern in relation to birth interval and birth order in children. 718 93

One hundred and twenty four-month-old Hereford-Friesian cross heifers weighing from 88 to 130 kg were divided into two equal groups. One group acted as a control with each animal receiving one placebo bolus, the other animals received one prototype intraruminal sustained-release bolus designed to deliver approximately 8 mg ivermectin/day for 100 to 120 days. The boluses were administered the day before turnout in mid-May. Each group was grazed separately for 167 days on pastures contaminated with parasitic nematode larvae including the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus, and the gastrointestinal worms Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora and Nematodirus helvetianus. Parasitic disease did not occur in the ivermectin-bolus group, but the control group required anthelmintic treatment to control parasitic gastroenteritis at 111 and 154 days after turnout. Up to the 111th day after turnout, the peak mean nematode egg and larval counts per gram of faeces in controls was, respectively, 564 epg and 0.5 lpg. Based on faecal nematode egg counts and worm burdens in bolus-treated cattle removed from pasture at 119 days after turnout and bolus function studies, it was concluded that ivermectin delivery from the prototype bolus ceased between 95 and 98 days after administration. However, unlike the controls, the treated cattle did not develop parasitic gastroenteritis at any time. Their faecal nematode egg output was significantly (P < 0.01) lower (< 1 epg) compared to the controls and lungworm larval output zero during the functional life of the bolus. The faecal egg and larval outputs continued low until the end of the trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nematode burdens and productivity of grazing cattle treated with a prototype sustained-release bolus containing ivermectin. 787 90

A total of 345 calf carcases of mainly dairy breeds from the farms around Kabete area were examined at the post-mortem facility in the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, over a 10-year period (1980-1989). About 46.8% of the total deaths took place within the first 2 months, 31.8% of them in the first month and 13.3% in the first 2 weeks. In 23 cases (6.7%) no specific cause of death was determined. The major causes of death were diseases of the alimentary tract (31.3%)--mainly gastroenteritis (76/108) due to colibacillosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis and helminthiasis, and bloat (20/108). The other major causes of death were diseases of the respiratory tract (16.8%)--mainly pneumonia (42/58), and tick-borne diseases (13.3%)--mainly east coast fever (ECF) (37/46). The alimentary and respiratory diseases were most common in the 1-30 d age group. The other causes of death occurred in the following frequencies: musculoskeletal system (7.0%), septicaemia (6.7%), malnutrition (6.1%), cardiovascular system (3.7%), nervous system (3.2%), liver (2.6%) and poisoning (2.6%).
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PMID:Causes of calf mortality in Kabete area of Kenya. 862 71


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