Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transmissible gastroenteritis or TGE is a virus diarrhoea which occurs in pigs of all ages and is associated with high mortality rates in the young piglets. Growth of virus in the columnar epithelium of the small intestine causes atrophy of the intestinal villi, malabsorption, watery diarrhoea and dehydration. Faecal excretion of virus usually continues up to fourteen days after infection but chronic carriers have been found to occur. TGE is self-limiting on the majority of pig-breeding farms but the virus may persist in particular conditions and an enzootic form of the disease will appear in this case. In typical outbreaks, the diagnosis can usually be based on clinical symptoms. When the disease runs an enzootic course, a clinical diagnosis will be out of the question. TGE should be differentiated from colibacillosis and from another virus diarrhoea, the aetiology of which is not precisely known. A rapid and correct diagnosis may be established by direct fluorescent antibody studies of frozen sections of the small intestine in infected piglets. When sows have been spontaneously infected, their offspring will be protected by lactogenic immunity. The presence of TGE antibodies of IgA class in the milk is required to ensure complete immunity of the piglets lasting for weeks on end. Intramuscular inoculation of a commercially available vaccine in sows will only stimulate the production of antibodies of the IgG class in the milk. These antibodies will merely afford short-lived immunity. The vaccine cannot prevent symptoms of disease from appearing in piglets following infection with virulent TGE virus but it does reduce mortality
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PMID:[Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Swine (author's transl)]. 17 23

Pigs were inoculated with various strains of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) or with porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), and antigenic site-specific antibody responses were compared. A blocking-ELISA was used to study to what extent antibodies in convalescent sera interfered with the binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAB) 57.16 or 57.110 to the attenuated TGEV/Purdue virus. Monoclonal antibody 57.16 is directed against the A site on the peplomer, neutralizes virus, and recognizes TGEV and PRCV. Monoclonal antibody 57.110 is directed against the X site on the peplomer, but does not neutralize virus, and recognizes only TGEV. Antibodies directed against TGEV and PRCV could be detected in a blocking ELISA, using MAB 57.16 as a conjugate. Antibodies directed against both viruses were detectable as early as 1 week after inoculation. Antibody titers correlated well with those in a virus-neutralization test. Antibodies against TGEV could be detected in a blocking ELISA, using MAB 57.110 as a conjugate. Such antibodies were not induced by a PRCV infection. In the blocking ELISA, using MAB 57.110 as a conjugate, antibodies were detectable as early as 2 weeks after inoculation. There was a significant difference between antibody titers reached after infection with various TGEV strains, however. This difference is ascribed to a variation of the antigenic site defined by MAB 57.110 in TGEV strains. Conditions for a differential test for TGE serodiagnosis, and for serologic discrimination between TGEV- and PRCV-infected pigs, are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparison of the antibody response to transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus, using monoclonal antibodies to antigenic sites A and X of the S glycoprotein. 131 91

Macromolecular permeability of the small intestine was tested in seven three-week-old piglets infected with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE-strain Miller). Fourteen hours after the infection, the piglets showed loss of appetite and a profuse diarrhoea. In some animals vomiting occurred somewhat earlier. Macromolecular permeability was tested morphologically by injecting horseradish peroxidase (MW = 40,000 Da) into the jejunal lumen just distally to the Treitz' ligament in two piglets at 12 hours and in five piglets at 48 hours after the inoculation in comparison with two control piglets. After a period of 20 minutes, small segments of jejunum were taken for stereomicro-scopical, histological and ultrastructural investigations. An increased permeability for HRP together with a severe, hyper-regenerative villous atrophy was observed in the TGE-infected piglets at 48 hours after the inoculation.
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PMID:Intestinal permeability in piglets during transmissible gastroenteritis. 183 Apr 39

In 1984 neutralizing antibodies against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were detected in pig herds in a small geographical area in the southern part of Denmark. No clinical symptoms were observed and accumulating epidemiological evidence gradually pointed towards a respiratory infection. In 1986 a TGE-like virus, tentatively named porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), was isolated from the lungs of swine. The virus was partially characterized using monoclonal antibodies against TGEV and this showed that some (mainly nonneutralizing) epitopes of the peplomer glycoprotein E2 were absent in PRCV, whereas the major neutralizing domains were conserved. These findings allowed the design of competitive antibody immunoassays either discriminating or not discriminating the immune responses against the two viruses. However, the discriminating epitopes studied so far have shown minor immunodominance and some steric interference from nondiscriminating epitopes.
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PMID:Infection with a new porcine respiratory coronavirus in Denmark: serologic differentiation from transmissible gastroenteritis virus using monoclonal antibodies. 196 35

Specific release of 51Cr and the production of interferon (IFN) increased in parallel in a spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) assay in which uninfected PK-15 cells or PK-15 cells persistently infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (PK-15-TGE cells) were used as targets, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from a young adult pig were used as effector cells. Higher levels of both specific 51Cr release and IFN were obtained in the assays containing PK-15-TGE cells. Co-cultivation of PBL from newborn piglets with PK-15-TGE cells yielded similar levels of IFN to those produced by co-cultivation of adult PBL and PK-15-TGE cells, but lower levels of IFN were produced by co-cultivation with uninfected PK-15 cells. Pretreatment of adult PBL with IFN augmented their SCMC effector activity for both PK-15 and PK-15-TGE cells in the 51Cr release assay. Pretreatment of the PK-15-TGE target cells with IFN did not affect their release of 51Cr in the SCMC reaction, while IFN pretreatment of PK-15 targets protected them against SCMC. In a single cell cytotoxicity assay the effects of IFN pretreatment on the effector adult PBL and on the PK-15 and PK-15-TGE target cells were confirmed, and SCMC incompetent PBL from neonatal piglets were rendered cytotoxic by pretreatment with IFN. PBL from newborn piglets bound to either target cell with the same frequency as PBL from SCMC competent adult pigs, and IFN pretreatment of either effector or target cells had no effect on target-binding frequency.
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PMID:The role of interferon in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity in pigs. 242 8

A fixed-cell ELISA was developed using swine testicle (ST) cells infected with the virulent Miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and purified biotinylated monoclonal antibodies (b-MAbs). Five of the b-MAbs were specific for the peplomer (E2), five reacted to the nucleocapsid (N), and one reacted to the E 1 protein of the Miller strain of TGEV. Protein A-Sepharose purification of MAbs yielded protein concentrations ranging from 0.40 to 3 mg per ml of ascites. Separate pools of N-MAbs and E 2-MAbs, and the E 1-MAb were used to monitor synthesis of TGE viral antigen in ST cells from 0 to 16 h post-infection at various multiplicities of infection (MOI). Epitopes of N proteins appeared sooner and at a lower MOI than those for the E 1 and E 2 proteins. The fixed-cell ELISA was also used to examine relative binding affinities of TGEV MAbs. Concentrations of b-MAbs producing a half-maximal signal ranged from 0.11 to 3.8 microgram/ml for E 2-MAbs, from 0.05 to 0.82 microgram/ml for N-MAbs, and 6 micrograms/ml for the E 1-MAb. The assay was used to determine the 50% neutralization concentrations for four neutralizing E 2-MAbs (0.1 microgram/ml to 6.9 micrograms/ml) and one E 1-MAb (1.2 micrograms/ml). Competition assays between b-MAbs and unlabeled competitors indicated that at least two major antigenic sites exist on the E 2-protein and 2 to 3 antigenic sites are present on the N-protein of Miller TGEV.
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PMID:Epitope mapping and the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis viral proteins in cell culture using biotinylated monoclonal antibodies in a fixed-cell ELISA. 247 62

Rabbit coronavirus (RbCV) was apparently first encountered in 1961 when Scandinavian investigators observed occasional mortality in rabbits used to propagate the Nichols strain of Treponema pallidum. Mortality rates reached 50 percent by 1968 and 75 percent by 1970. Contaminated samples of T. pallidum were brought to the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, a World Health Organization center for the study of treponematoses. There it was established that the causative agent was filterable, the heart was the target organ, and the agent was determined by electron microscopy to be a coronavirus. Also, complement fixing antibodies to the human coronaviruses 229E (two way cross) and 0C43 (one way cross) were demonstrated in surviving rabbits. Immunofluorescent staining with anti-229E serum localized fluorescence in the interstitial tissue of the myocardium. Antiserum to RbCV cross reacted with coronaviruses of three other diseases, feline infectious peritonitis (FIPV), canine coronavirus diarrhea (CCV), and transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) by radioimmunoassay. In plaque neutralization tests, a slight reduction was observed against TGE and CCV but not against FIP. Antiserum to 229EV, CCV, FIPV and to a lesser degree TGEV partially blocked the clinical course of the disease and reduced mortality. Slight protection was afforded rabbits by vaccination with, in descending order of survivors, CCV, FIPV, and TGEV. Vaccination with calf diarrhea coronavirus (CDCV) provided no protection.
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PMID:Relatedness of rabbit coronavirus to other coronaviruses. 282 66

A micro virus-neutralization reaction was designed and tested to detect antibodies to the virus of transmissive gastroenteritis. Use was made of a stable cell line, SPEV, and a laboratory strain of the virus that had been adapted to it. The optimal concentration values of the cell suspension and the normal calf serum contained in it were determined. A total of 90 blood serum samples from pigs were comparatively investigated for the presence of virus-neutralising TGE antibodies, the tube test being performed trough the inoculation of the cells in suspension. On the other hand, the micro virus-neutralization test was carried out in two variants: the sera were diluted via Mikrotiter micropipettes and micropipettes of the Takachi apparatus. It was found that the micro virus-neutralization test in its two variants was not inferior in terms of sensitivity to the tube test, was more readily applicable, and was less material consuming.
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PMID:[Use of a microvirus-neutralizing reaction in diagnosing transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)]. 302 Jul 76

Treatment of porcine lymphocytes with trypsin reduced their spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) activity against target cells persistently infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (PK15-TGE cells), but had no effect on antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). SCMC activity was partially restored to trypsin-treated lymphocytes by incubation in RPMI-1640 medium or in medium containing F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-porcine immunoglobulin, but not by brief incubation in autologous serum. F(ab')2 fragments of anti-porcine immunoglobulin did not block the SCMC reaction, but ADCC was greatly reduced by this reagent. Thus SCMC and ADCC mediated by porcine lymphocytes against PK15-TGE target cells clearly involved two distinct mechanisms in terms of antibody participation and sensitivity to trypsin.
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PMID:The participation of antibody in spontaneous and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the pig. 344 94

Using an immunoperoxidase antibody test, the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibody titer was determined in swine naturally infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE; group A), swine inoculated orally with high-virulent TGE virus (group B), and swine inoculated IM (group C) or orally (group D) with low-virulent TGE virus. Studies were then made on the relationship between active immunity to TGE and the serum IgA antibody titer. In group A swine, serum IgA antibody and virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody were absent in the serum collected in the acute stage, but were detected from the serum collected in the convalescent stage. In group B swine, serum IgA antibody and VN antibody began to be detected on postinoculation day (PID) 7 and were still detectable on PID 100. In group C and D swine, VN antibody was detected, but serum IgA antibody was not. Swine were inoculated orally with high-virulent TGE virus and were challenge exposed orally with the same strain of virus on PID 18, 21, 80, and 120 (group E). None of group E swine manifested clinical signs of infection. Their serum IgA antibody titers ranged from 2 to 512 at the time of inoculation. Swine were inoculated IM with low-virulent TGE virus and intranasally with the same virus on PID 60 (group F). They were challenge exposed with the high-virulent strain of TGE virus on PID 140, 200, and 260 (80, 140, and 200 days after the 2nd inoculation). At the time of challenge exposure, IgA antibody was undetected in serum at a 1:2 dilution. All group F swine had severe diarrhea 3 to 4 days after inoculation. Many of them vomited at the same time. In these swine, villous atrophy was observed in the jejunal portion of the small intestine. The VN antibody titer of porcine serum obtained at the time of challenge exposure was higher than was that determined in the group E swine. Seemingly, serum IgA antibody titer determined by the immunoperoxidase antibody test may be an indicator of active immunity to TGE.
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PMID:Serum immunoglobulin A antibody response in swine infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus, as determined by indirect immunoperoxidase antibody test. 702 94


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