Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Over the last years the important role of nitric oxide (NO) as endogenous modulator of numerous physiological functions has been shown. NO is involved in the regulation of blood flow, maintenance of vascular tone, control of platelet aggregation, and modulation of the activity of the mastocytes. It also plays a key role as neurotransmitter in the central and peripheric nervous system (non adrenergic non colinergic, NANC, neurons), in the nervous control of the cerebral blood flow and in the neuroendocrine regulation or synaptic plasticity. However, NO shows a dual behavior: at physiological concentrations, released through the constitutive synthase (cNOS), it regulates house-keeping functions, whereas its overproduction by the inducible isoenzyme (iNOS) exhibits cytotoxic activity because interacting with reactive species producing peroxinitrites (ONOO) and other compounds, which are highly damaging for the tissues. In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) NO participates in the modulation of the smooth musculature tone, such as the regulation of intestinal peristaltism, gastric emptying and antral motor activity. It also regulates acid and gastric mucus secretion, alkaline production, and is involved in the maintenance of mucosal blood flow. In physiological conditions, NO acts as an endogenous mediator modulating both, the repairing and integrity of the tissues, and exhibits gastroprotective properties against different types of aggressive agents. However, high concentrations of NO are related to numerous pathological processes of GIT including peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, gastrointestinal cancer, bacterial gastroenteritis, celiac or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, this hypothesis that cNOS is always beneficial and iNOS is always deleterious, has been questioned, since that a series of data suggest that the increase of cNOS activity could be responsible for the derived pathological changes and, by contrast, NO liberated by the inducible isoenzyme might play a repairing effect in certain pathological disorders. The pharmaceutical industry is really interested in proving the clinical benefits of the mediator. Numerous NO-donor drugs, nitrate derivatives, have been frequently used in the cardiovascular diseases due to their vasodilating properties, which allow an enhancement of coronary blood flow. More recently, the protective effect of NO against non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID)-gastroenteropathy has been shown, because its vasodilating and antioxidant properties render it a potentially useful agent. Different NSAID, including acetyl salicylic acid, diclofenac or naproxen, have been formulated by attaching a NO releasing-moiety. These NO-NSAID, antiinflammatories combined with precursors of the mediator, or with inhibitors of the inducible synthase, are currently being evaluated. However, although the pharmacotherapeutical possibilities of NO are considerable, it is necessary to elucidate the exact mechanisms derived from stimulation/inhibition of the isoenzymes in order to determine the clinical utility of NO-donors.
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PMID:New issues about nitric oxide and its effects on the gastrointestinal tract. 1147 46

We have prospectively evaluated the efficacy of real-time PCR-guided preemptive therapy for CMV diseases in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with grades II-IV acute GVHD. The dose of ganciclovir was adjusted according to the viral load determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). On detecting CMV reactivation in the plasma, ganciclovir was initiated at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight once daily, and the dose was increased to twice daily if viral load continued to increase after initiating ganciclovir. In 39 evaluable patients, CMV reactivation assessed by real-time PCR became positive in 30 (77%). One developed CMV gastroenteritis before PCR became positive. Thus the remaining 29 patients were treated preemptively with ganciclovir. The dose of ganciclovir was increased in 12 patients (41%) of preemptively treated patients for increasing viral load. CMV diseases were diagnosed in two patients (one gastroenteritis and one retinitis), and late CMV disease was diagnosed in one patient (gastritis). The treatment was generally well-tolerated, but three patients (10%) developed neutropenia (neutrophil count less than 1.0 x 10(9)/l). In conclusion, real-time PCR-guided preemptive therapy with decreased dose of ganciclovir is feasible and does not increase the frequency of CMV diseases if the dose is adjusted according to the viral load.
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PMID:Dose-adjusted preemptive therapy for cytomegalovirus disease based on real-time polymerase chain reaction after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 1204 Apr 76

The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical presentations and outcomes of all HIV+ patients who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and to compare the outcomes of those with advanced disease (CD4 < 200/mm(3)) to those with early or middle stage disease (CD4 >or= 200/mm(3)). We conducted a retrospective chart review in an urban municipal hospital ED and included subjects if they were HIV+ and had a chief complaint of abdominal pain. Demographic and clinical data were entered into a standardized database; patients with advanced disease were compared with those with early or middle stage disease. One hundred eight patient visits were reviewed. The mean age was 37 +/- 7.6 years with mean CD4 count of 263/mm(3); 44% had CD4 counts <200/mm(3). Abdominal pain of unknown etiology, gastroenteritis/diarrhea, and ulcer disease/gastritis/dyspepsia were the three most common diagnostic categories for all patients. With the exception of disseminated mycobacterial disease, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. AIDS-associated opportunistic infections represented only 10% of the ED diagnosis of those patients with advanced disease. Only 8% of patients required intra-abdominal surgical procedures, however, 37% were admitted compared with 18% of patients without HIV disease (p < 0.001). Patients infected with HIV presenting with abdominal pain most often have a non-HIV related cause of abdominal pain and infrequently require surgery. However, HIV+ patients are admitted at twice the rate of the non-HIV infected population.
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PMID:Abdominal pain in the HIV infected patient. 1235 77

An enzymatic, kinetic method for determining serum lipase activity was evaluated and compared to a standard manual method for use in dogs. The kinetic method was a commercial kit adapted for use on a tandem access clinical chemistry analyzer and utilized a series of coupled enzymatic reactions based on the hydrolysis of 1,2-diglyceride by lipase. The manual method was the Cherry-Crandall technique based on the titration of base against the acid formed by hydrolysis of an olive oil substrate by lipase. The correlation between the two methods was very good (r = 0.94). The reference range for 56 clinically healthy dogs assayed by the kinetic method was 90 to 527 U/L. Diseases associated with a greater than twofold elevation in serum lipase activity as determined by the kinetic method included pancreatitis, gastritis with liver disease, and oliguric renal failure with metabolic acidosis. In some cases, pancreatitis was seen with other clinical problems, such as gastroenteritis, diabetic ketoacidosis, duodenal mass, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and septic peritonitis. Diseases associated with serum lipase activity within the reference range or elevated less than twofold included gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholestasis, phenobarbital-induced hepatopathy, colitis, copper hepatopathy, abdominal hematoma, apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, and thrombocytopenia with pneumonia.
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PMID:Serum lipase determination in the dog: a comparison of a titrimetric method with an automated kinetic method. 1267 88

The contents of Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe in 7 kinds of treatment gastritis Chinese traditional medicines are determined by FAAS. The results show that element Fe in medicines is very rich, but element Cu is lower. The relationship between trace elements and the factor that causes gastritis is discussed. It provides useful reference data for discussing the relations of trace elements and treatment of gastroenteritis.
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PMID:[Contents analysis of zinc, manganese, copper and iron in 7 kinds of treatment gastritis Chinese traditional medicines]. 1294 35

Listeria monocytogenes induces the suppurative gastritis in some mice strains. In this study, characteristics of the gastritis caused by L. monocytogenes infection in mice were examined with time course of infection. Mice were administered intragastrically with 1.8 x 10(8) CFU of L. monocytogenes. Each three mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 28 days postinoculation (pi), respectively. Bacterial colonization in the stomachs reached the peak at 3 days pi, maintained over 4.3 log10 CFU/g tissue until 14 days pi, and was cleared by 28 days pi. However, in the spleens and livers, the bacteria could not be detected after 7 days pi. The gastric lesions were the most prominent at between 3 and 7 days pi. The lesions consisted of marked neutrophilic infiltration, edema, vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of muscle cells and were more severe in the nonglandular region and fundus than in the pylorus, and were in submucosa, lamina muscularis, and serosa than in mucosa. mRNA expression of several cytokines (INF-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha) and chemokines (KC, MCP-1) increased in the gastric tissue of infected mice at 1-7 days pi and slightly decreased at 14 days pi. These findings would be useful for studying the pathological mechanism of human febrile gastroenteritis due to L. monocytogenes infection.
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PMID:Characteristics of the gastritis induced by Listeria monocytogenes in mice: microbiology, histopathology, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators with time course of infection. 1531 48

Between 1996 and 2005 the carcasses of 355 harbour seals originating from the coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, were investigated for pathological changes. The animals were collected before (n=280) and after (n=75) the second phocine distemper virus (PDV) epizootic in 2002. The seals were either found dead or were killed due to severe illness. Necropsy was performed in each case, in addition to histopathological, immunohistochemical, microbiological and parasitological examinations. Throughout the period of study, the respiratory and alimentary tracts were the organ systems most consistently affected by pathological change. The most common cause of death was bronchopneumonia caused by parasitic and/or bacterial infection of the lung. Less frequently identified changes included: trauma, gastroenteritis, uterine torsion or dystocia, polyarthritis/polymyositis, intestinal torsion, septicaemia, dermatitis, and keratitis. The most frequent causes of bronchopneumonia, gastroenteritis, polyarthritis, dermatitis and septicaemia were infections with alpha/beta-haemolytic streptococci, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. A number of changes were more frequently identified after 2002. These included the presence of parasites in the lung, stomach and intestine; bronchopneumonia, gastritis, enteritis, septicaemia and perinatal death. The increased prevalence of these changes may have been related to the preceding PDV epidemic.
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PMID:Pathological findings in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): 1996-2005. 1762 67

Scarlet fever is a rare disease in adult patients. We report a patient in whom scarlet fever was associated with hypertrophic gastritis and multiple organ failure. A 62-year-old woman presented with septic shock and multiple organ failure. Bacteriological survey was negative. Abdominal tomodensitometry showed an hypertrophic gastritis. Histological analysis demonstrated a non specific gastritis without any tumoral sign. Cefotaxime and amoxicillin led to improvement and hypertrophic gastritis progressively resolved. A sandpaper rash over the body with finger desquamation, elevation of antistreptolysin O and a recent contact with an infected grandson led to the diagnosis of scarlet fever. Due to antibiotic prescription, scarlet fever is now uncommon. Although classical, ENT or gastroenteritis presentations may be puzzling for the diagnosis of scarlet fever. As 150 years ago, diagnosis of scarlet fever is still a clinical challenge.
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PMID:[Scarlet fever with multisystem organ failure and hypertrophic gastritis]. 1880 98

This article focuses on the evaluation and management of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases other than eosinophilic esophagitis. Those diseases include eosinophilic gastritis, gastroenteritis, enteritis, and colitis. The diagnosis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease is primarily dependent on the clinical history and histopathology of multiple biopsy specimens after ruling out other causes of intestinal eosinophilia. The diagnosis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases other than eosinophilic esophagitis is complicated by the lack of uniformly accepted diagnostic criteria. Treatment involves evaluation for food sensitivity, elimination diets, and the use of anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory medications with varying degrees of success. Little is known about the natural history of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, underscoring the need for long-term follow-up studies of patients with these disorders.
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PMID:Evaluation of the patient with suspected eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease. 1914 41

Porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (PFTS), an increasingly recognized syndrome in the swine industry of North America, is characterized by the anorexia of nursery pigs noticeable within 1 week of weaning, and progressive loss of body condition and lethargy during the next 1-2 weeks. Morbidity caused by PFTS is moderate, but case fatality is high. The etiology of PFTS is presently unknown and may include infectious agent(s), noninfectious factors, or both. PFTS was identified in a high health status farm with good management in early 2007. A diagnostic investigation was undertaken to identify the pathological lesions of, and infectious agents associated with, pigs demonstrating typical clinical signs. Affected (PFTS-SICK) and unaffected (PFTS-HLTHY) pigs from an affected farm, and unaffected pigs from 2 unaffected farms, were examined. The most prevalent lesions in PFTS-SICK pigs were superficial lymphocytic fundic gastritis, atrophic enteritis, superficial colitis, lymphocytic and neutrophilic rhinitis, mild nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, and thymic atrophy. Rotavirus A and Betacoronavirus 1 (Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus) were identified only in PFTS-SICK pigs, but the significance of the viruses is uncertain because PFTS is not consistent with the typical presentation following infection by these pathogens. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Porcine circovirus-2, Influenza A virus, Alphacoronavirus 1 (Transmissible gastroenteritis virus), Torque teno virus 1, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, and Brachyspira pilosicoli were not identified in PFTS-SICK pigs. Suid herpesvirus 2 (Porcine cytomegalovirus), Porcine enteric calicivirus, Torque teno virus 2, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and coccidia were detected in both PFTS-SICK and PFTS-HLTHY pigs. It was concluded that there is a lack of compelling evidence that PFTS is caused by any of these pathogens.
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PMID:Diagnostic investigation of porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome: lack of compelling evidence linking to common porcine pathogens. 2236 39


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