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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transmissible gastroenteritis or TGE is a virus diarrhoea which occurs in pigs of all ages and is associated with high mortality rates in the young piglets. Growth of virus in the columnar epithelium of the small intestine causes atrophy of the intestinal villi, malabsorption, watery diarrhoea and dehydration. Faecal excretion of virus usually continues up to fourteen days after infection but chronic carriers have been found to occur. TGE is self-limiting on the majority of pig-breeding farms but the virus may persist in particular conditions and an enzootic form of the disease will appear in this case. In typical outbreaks, the diagnosis can usually be based on clinical symptoms. When the disease runs an enzootic course, a clinical diagnosis will be out of the question. TGE should be differentiated from colibacillosis and from another virus diarrhoea, the aetiology of which is not precisely known. A rapid and correct diagnosis may be established by direct fluorescent antibody studies of frozen sections of the small intestine in infected piglets. When sows have been spontaneously infected, their offspring will be protected by lactogenic immunity. The presence of TGE antibodies of IgA class in the milk is required to ensure complete immunity of the piglets lasting for weeks on end. Intramuscular inoculation of a commercially available vaccine in sows will only stimulate the production of antibodies of the IgG class in the milk. These antibodies will merely afford short-lived immunity. The vaccine cannot prevent symptoms of disease from appearing in piglets following infection with virulent TGE virus but it does reduce mortality
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PMID:[Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Swine (author's transl)]. 17 23

A 58 year old Chinese male, one week after arriving in Canada from Hong Kong, presented with acute abdominal pain and diarrhoea which was rapidly followed by Escherichia coli infection causing septicaemia and meningitis. His past history revealed bronchial asthma for 15 years treated with steroids. At laparotomy, 7 days after the onset of symptoms, he was found to have extensive haemorrhagic infarction of the small bowel and right colon. Examination of the fibrosed mesenteric vessels revealed numerous filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis, within the walls, and in all layers of bowel wall. The role of the parasite in the production of obliterative arteritis in this fatal case of haemorrhagic enteropathy is discussed. Clinical strongyloidiasis, in uncomplicated cases, varies from mild to severe with gastroenteritis, nausea, colicky abdominal pain, electrolyte imbalance and symptoms of malabsorption syndrome (MARCIAL-ROJAS, 1971). In malnourished individuals and patients with debilitating infections, either newly acquired or asymptomatic latent infection with S. stercoralis can assume severe dimensions (BROWN and PERNA, 1958; HUGHTON and HORN, 1959). Similarly, in patients on steroid (CRUZ et al., 1966; WILLIS and MWOKOLO, 1966; NEEFE et al., 1973) and immunosuppressive therapy for lymphomatous diseases or deficient in immune response (ROGERS and NELSON, 1966; RIVERA et al., 1970), systemic strongyloidiasis is often fatal. The increased frequency of auto-infection in such patients with a breached immune barrier is, however, unclear. Further complications of this infection due to severe enterocolitis result in sepsis, bacteraemia and meningitis (BROWN and PERNA, 1958; HUGHTON and HORN, 1959). This paper presents a fatal case of S. stercoralis infection which illustrates an uncommon if not unique, mechanism in its production of haemorrhagic enteropathy leading to sepsis and death.
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PMID:Fatal bowel infarction and sepsis: an unusual complication of systemic strongyloidiasis. 122 84

The epidemic form of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), beginning with an acute gastroenteritis, has been associated with a verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infection. The endothelial cell is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HUS. Endothelial cell damage by verocytotoxin-1 (VT-1) in vitro is potentiated by the additional exposure of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Preincubation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with TNF-alpha resulted in a 10- to 100-fold increase of specific binding sites for 125I-VT-1. Furthermore, interleukin-1 (IL-1), lymphotoxin (TNF-beta), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also markedly increase VT-1 binding. Several hours' exposure to TNF-alpha was enough to enhance the number of VT-1 receptors on the endothelial cells for 2 days. The TNF-alpha-induced increase in VT-1 binding could be inhibited by simultaneous addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Glycolipid extracts of TNF-alpha-treated cells tested on thin-layer chromatography demonstrated an increase of globotriaosylceramide (GbOse3cer), a functional receptor for VT-1, which suggests that preincubation of human endothelial cells with TNF-alpha leads to an increase in GbOse3cer synthesis in these cells. We conclude from this study that TNF-alpha and IL-1 induce one (or more) enzyme(s) that is (are) rate-limiting in the synthesis of the glycolipid VT-1 receptor, GbOse3cer. These in vitro studies suggest that, in addition to VT-1, inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of HUS.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 induce expression of the verocytotoxin receptor globotriaosylceramide on human endothelial cells: implications for the pathogenesis of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. 133

To induce diarrhoea and hypovolaemia, newly-weaned conventionally bred piglets (3- to 4-weeks-old), were either given secretagogues or were inoculated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Choleratoxin (n = 2), E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (n = 2) or castor oil (n = 2) were given intragastrically or piglets were intraperitoneally injected with DL 5-hydroxytryptophan (n = 3). These substances induced a transient diarrhoea without clinical symptoms of dehydration. Therefore, a combination of castor oil and DL 5-hydroxytryptophan was given two times a day during 3 consecutive days to 3 piglets. Although diarrhoea lasted for 5 days, still no hypovolaemia occurred. Probably the secretagogues have to be given continuously to mimic the continuous release of enterotoxins during secretory colibacillary diarrhoea. It was, therefore, tried to reproduce colibacillosis in the just-weaned piglets. Animals were inoculated with K88ac fimbriae producing ETEC strains (O149:K91:K88ac; LT, STa and STb positive) (n = 7), or pretreated with chloramphenicol followed by the ETEC inoculation (n = 8), or pretreated with the antibiotic, inoculated with an enteropathogenic coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and subsequently inoculated with ETEC (n = 18). Only the last procedure induced a reproducible diarrhoea (93%) and dehydration resulting in a mortality of 80%. It was concluded that the latter experimental procedure could be used to study diarrhoea and hypovolaemia in newly-weaned piglets and to evaluate the effect of potentially antisecretory drugs on postweaning diarrhoea in piglets.
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PMID:Experimental induction of diarrhoea in newly-weaned piglets. 195 Feb 31

The clinical manifestations in 595 children hospitalized with gastroenteritis during a 15-month time frame were studied. They were divided into eight groups according to etiologic agent: rotavirus (203 patients); Salmonellae (98); Escherichia coli (55); Campylobacter (36); Shigella (22); combined rotavirus and salmonellae (44); combined rotavirus and other bacteria (26); and no pathogen (111). The mean duration of diarrhea was shortest in the rotavirus and "no pathogen" groups (4.8 and 5.6 days, respectively) and longest with pure and mixed salmonella infections (12.3 and 12.9 days, respectively). Associated manifestations were most frequent with salmonellae and least frequent with rotavirus and E. coli infections. Malnutrition also was most common with salmonellae and lowest with rotavirus and E. coli. There were no differences in the frequency of hypernatremia. Hyponatremia was most frequently encountered with salmonella (25% compared to 9% in the rest of the patients). Evidence of septicemia was found in 22 patients, 21 of whom were in the salmonella groups. The four deaths in this series (0.7%) also were in the salmonellae groups. The clinical severity of salmonella infection in developing countries, particularly in young and malnourished children, warrants attention to more intensive management. The selective use of antibiotics may help reduce the mortality and morbidity of gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Acute gastroenteritis: clinical features according to etiologic agents. 340 53

Endemic infection was a common sequel to primary outbreaks of transmissible gastroenteritis in large breeding herds of pigs in East Anglia. The main clinical features of the disease were diarrhoea affecting sucking piglets aged about six days or more, diarrhoea among recently weaned pigs and brief episodes of overt clinical recrudescence in part of the herd. Post mortem and bacteriological findings were often more suggestive of colibacillosis than transmissible gastroenteritis. In some herds, endemic infection remained clinically mild or inapparent for long periods. Evidence of endemic transmissible gastroenteritis infection was found in 43 (50.6 per cent) of 85 herds of pigs studied prospectively between 1981 and 1983. There was a significant correlation with herd size; the disease recurred during the 12 months after primary outbreaks in 36 (65.5 per cent) of 55 herds with over 100 sows compared with seven (23.3 per cent) of 30 herds with less than 100 sows (P less than 0.001). In the larger herds it occurred more commonly where finishers were kept (P less than 0.05). Sow morbidity and management factors during the primary outbreak had no statistically significant effect on the incidence of recrudescence. Epidemiological aspects of the findings are discussed with emphasis on the difficulties associated with the diagnosis and control of endemic transmissible gastroenteritis infection.
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PMID:Transmissible gastroenteritis in endemically infected breeding herds of pigs in East Anglia, 1981-85. 357 22

The autopsy findings and certain other features are described in 16 fatal cases of infantile diarrhea associated with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection during the 1963 epidemic in Newfoundland which resulted in 100 deaths. Age is an important factor in the severity of the infection and in the outcome. Almost one-half the patients were under 4 months and a third under 2 months. Pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract were meagre and were not pathognomonic. Other pathological findings and their possible role in the severity and fatal outcome in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis are discussed. Such conditions as prematurity, congenital anomaly, trauma, neoplasm and metabolic disorders were, no doubt, also important factors in the outcome. Severe respiratory tract infection was the leading terminal cause of death. No sex, seasonal or geographic variation was found. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype 0111:B4 was the prevalent infecting organism.
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PMID:Epidemic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Newfoundland, 1963: autopsy study of 16 cases. 533 93

To evaluate the relative importance of the various enteropathogens causing neonatal diarrhea in Quebec farrowing operations, observations were made on 749 diarrheic pigs from 325 outbreaks of diarrhea. They were one to 15 days of age, and were obtained alive for necropsy generally within 48 hours of the onset of diarrhea. Some pigs were from severe, explosive outbreaks of diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality rates, while others were from herds with chronic neonatal diarrhea with lower morbidity and mortality rates. A combination of bacteriological, virological and histological methods were used to study the pigs. Viruses were incriminated in 60%, bacteria in 23% and coccidia in 15.3% of the 325 diarrhea outbreaks. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was by far the most common enteropathogen with a prevalence of 52%; rotavirus was implicated in 9.2% of the outbreaks while adenovirus was incriminated in 0.30% of the outbreaks. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were involved in 22.4% of the cases while Clostridium perfringens type C was an occasional finding. Coccidia involved in our herds were identified as Isospora suis. The disease was attributed to infection with a single etiologic agent in 590 diarrheic pigs (78%) while combinations of agents were present in only 90 (12%). The age-specific occurrence of the various enteropathogens was evaluated. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was the most common enteropathogen in all age groups. Colibacillosis was common in pigs which became diarrheic under five days of age; in this age group, the enterotoxigenic E. coli were frequently found alone, but were usually combined with other agents in older pigs. The prevalence of coccidia was high in pigs which became diarrheic between five and 15 days of age. Rotavirus infection was common in diarrheic pigs older than ten days of age. Although individual baby pigs were commonly infected with a single enteropathogen, it was very common to see more than one agent involved in an outbreak of diarrhea, particularly when pigs of different ages were affected. Observations on the occurrence of the enteropathogens according to the seasons were also made. Occurrence of transmissible gastroenteritis was throughout the year with the highest prevalence during the fall, winter and spring months. Colibacillosis and coccidiosis were more common in the summer, fall and early winter months with the lowest prevalence in the spring months.
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PMID:Neonatal diarrhea of pigs in Quebec: infectious causes of significant outbreaks. 629 83

Toxigenic Escherichia coli of human and animal origin have been classified into three categories: enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC), ETEC are a major cause of infant diarrhoea in less-developed countries and frequently cause colibacillosis in domestic animals. Human ETEC strains may synthesize LT-I and/or STa enterotoxins and they may possess the colonization factors CFA/I to CFA/IV; porcine strains synthesize LT-I, STa and/or STb, and possess the colonization antigens K88, P987, K99 or F41; and bovine strains are usually STa producers harbouring on the bacterial surface K99 or F41 colonization factors. There is a high host-specificity, because of that ETEC from animals are not pathogen for humans. VTEC strains may produce three mainly types of verotoxins (VT1, VT2, VT2vp1) that are functionally and structurally related to the shiga toxin. The VTEC of human and bovine origins produce VT1, VT2 or both, whereas VT2vp1 is elaborated by E. coli that cause edema disease in swine. The VTEC strains belonging mainly to serotypes O157:H7 or H-, O26:H11 and O111:H-, are now considered to be the major cause of two human syndromes of hitherto unknown cause: hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Most outbreaks of VTEC infection occurred in USA, Canada and United Kingdom during the last ten years and have been linked to consumption of undercooked ground beef, and, to a lesser extent, to the drinking of unpasteurized milk. Thus, the principal reservoir of VTEC is the intestinal tract of cattle. By contrast, it is presumed that human beings are the major reservoir of ETEC, and that contaminated water is a principal vehicle for transmission of ETEC infections. NTEC strains are able to elaborate two types of cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1 and CNF2). Strains of human origin usually produce CNF1, whereas bovine NTEC generally synthesize CNF2. NTEC strains are not responsible for food-associated outbreaks of gastroenteritis, but CNF1 and CNF2 are very good markers of the source of food contamination.
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PMID:[Enterotoxigenic, verotoxigenic, and necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli in food and clinical samples. Role of animals as reservoirs of strains pathogenic for humans]. 754 50

A total of 345 calf carcases of mainly dairy breeds from the farms around Kabete area were examined at the post-mortem facility in the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nairobi, over a 10-year period (1980-1989). About 46.8% of the total deaths took place within the first 2 months, 31.8% of them in the first month and 13.3% in the first 2 weeks. In 23 cases (6.7%) no specific cause of death was determined. The major causes of death were diseases of the alimentary tract (31.3%)--mainly gastroenteritis (76/108) due to colibacillosis, salmonellosis, coccidiosis and helminthiasis, and bloat (20/108). The other major causes of death were diseases of the respiratory tract (16.8%)--mainly pneumonia (42/58), and tick-borne diseases (13.3%)--mainly east coast fever (ECF) (37/46). The alimentary and respiratory diseases were most common in the 1-30 d age group. The other causes of death occurred in the following frequencies: musculoskeletal system (7.0%), septicaemia (6.7%), malnutrition (6.1%), cardiovascular system (3.7%), nervous system (3.2%), liver (2.6%) and poisoning (2.6%).
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PMID:Causes of calf mortality in Kabete area of Kenya. 862 71


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