Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a 5-month period, 513 stool samples submitted to the enteric laboratory at the University Hospital of the West Indies were examined for Cryptosporidium. Oocysts were detected in 4.9% of all stools, 7.3% of diarrhoeal stools, 19.5% of stools from malnourished children and 23.7% of stools from malnourished children with diarrhoea. Cryptosporidium was the sole pathogen detected in all 25 positive stools, and was the second most frequent enteric isolate. All cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in children less than 2.5 years of age. All 15 malnourished children were admitted to hospital where they presented with dehydration (87%), vomiting (93%), fever (100%) and diarrhoea which lasted an average of 15.3 days. Two of these children died. In contrast, dehydration (20%), vomiting (40%) and fever (50%) were less common and diarrhoea less protracted in well-nourished children, four of whom were admitted to hospital. This preliminary report suggests that cryptosporidial gastroenteritis presents with increased frequency and severity in malnourished compared with well-nourished Jamaican children.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in well-nourished and malnourished children. 360 64

During a two year period 48 children admitted to hospitals in the Blackburn district were found to have cryptosporidium in stool samples. Cryptosporidium accounted for 6% of the 742 cases of childhood gastroenteritis, being as common as campylobacter. Altogether, 89% of children with cryptosporidiosis had diarrhoea, which was usually offensive and watery, and 80% vomited, the mean duration of both symptoms being six days. A substantial proportion were moderately ill with dehydration and persistent vomiting. Over half of all cases were aged 2 years or more and 37% were over 5 years. Most of the ill children were over 2 years, in contrast with other cases of gastroenteritis. Eight children were less than the 3rd centile for weight and three of these were investigated for failure to thrive. Only 6% of cases occurred in Asian children, but Asians accounted for 32% of all admissions with gastroenteritis and 59% of admissions with shigella. This unexpected ethnic difference may be due to limited contact with animals among Asians or to differences in diet.
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PMID:Two year study of cryptosporidium infection. 361 72

Five hundred million attacks of diarrhoea occur each year in children under 5 years of age, throughout the world, and acute gastroenteritis remains a frequent cause of admission to hospital in the United Kingdom. Current practice in the treatment of diarrhoeal dehydration in the UK is focused upon intravenous rehydration. Drugs (eg antibiotics, anti-emetics, anti-diarrhoeal agents and absorbents) are commonly prescribed, and 'therapeutic' starvation, followed by cautious reintroduction of diet, is recommended. Studies conducted by health workers in developing countries have challenged these dogma. Whilst intravenous rehydration is occasionally required (eg. in shock, ileus or coma) the majority of episodes of dehydration can be treated orally. Oral rehydration is less unpleasant than intravenous infusion, safer, quicker, cheaper and readily administered by parents with nursing supervision. Recovery may be hastened by continuing to breast feed and offer normal diet, and weight loss is minimized. These principles are being applied in pilot studies at The Children's Hospital, Birmingham. Outpatient treatment is largely supervised by trained paediatric nurses, after initial medical assessment of the child. Nurses are becoming more confident in the technique of oral rehydration, coupled with early reintroduction of food. This is reflected in less discomfort and weight loss for the child, less parental anxiety, decreased length of hospital stay, and financial savings.
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PMID:Recent advances in the care of children with acute diarrhoea: giving responsibility to the nurse and parents. 364 45

In 1983, 2869 infants and children were hospitalized in the pediatric ward of the Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Mecan. Of these, 1317 (46.2%) were gastroenteritis cases; 635 of these patients (48.2%) were those ages 0-1 year. The highest prevalence is found among this group. The months of July and August accounted for the majority of gastroenteritis cases, 15.6% in the 1st and 14.2% in the 2nd. This condition held true for all age groups. Mild, moderate, and severe dehydration were encountered in 4.3%, 35.7%, and 60.6% of the cases. The over 3 year olds had the highest number of severe dehydration cases; 76.5% of all patients in the same age group. Most of these cases occurred in July; 71.2% in that month. A significant inverse correlation between age and diarrhea duration was evident--the younger the age, the longer the duration of diarrhea (p0.01). Administration of oral electrolyte solution did not significantly alter the duration of diarrhea. The overall mortality rate was 13%. The highest age specific fatality rate was found among those ages 0-1 (20.3%). Mortality for those children older than 3 was 1.8%.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis in the pediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan in 1983. 369 38

Over a 6-week period, 35 (41%) of 86 infants admitted with diarrhea and dehydration were found to have human rotavirus (HRV) gastroenteritis, using the Rotazyme (RTZ) test. Serum transaminase levels were measured on 44 infants on admission and 72 infants during the first 3 days of hospitalization. On admission, RTZ-positive (RTZ+) infants had higher mean and median alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels [mean 87.5 U/L in RTZ+ vs. 50.0 U/L in RTZ-negative (RTZ-), p = 0.001; medium 60 U/L in RTZ+ vs. 41 U/L in RTZ- infants, p = 0.002], and higher mean and median aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (mean 64.3 U/L in RTZ+ vs. 44.0 U/L in RTZ- infants, p = 0.008; median 67.5 U/L vs. 42.0 U/L, respectively, p = less than 0.05). On admission, 72% of RTZ+ vs. 19% of RTZ- infants had ALT levels greater than 50 U/L (p = 0.0004). Maximum ALT levels from the first 3 days were also higher in the RTZ+ group (67.7% of RTZ+ vs. 34.1% of RTZ- having levels greater than 50 U/L, p = 0.005). Transaminase elevations did not correlate with dehydration of any electrolyte abnormalities. These findings suggest that transaminase elevations are common in infants hospitalized with HRV enteritis.
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PMID:Serum transaminase elevations in infants with rotavirus gastroenteritis. 379 4

Clinical and laboratory features of 86 infants admitted with diarrhea and dehydration were evaluated prospectively. Human rotavirus (HRV) infection was documented in 35 infants (41%) by the Rotazyme test. Those with HRV gastroenteritis (HRV+ group) had a shorter duration of diarrhea prior to admission, more severe dehydration on presentation, and a longer hospital course than the HRV-negative (HRV-) group. Vomiting, fever, upper respiratory tract symptoms, otitis media, and cough were present in equal numbers of infants in both groups. The HRV+ infants had lower serum bicarbonate and higher serum albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and uric acid concentrations than did the HRV- infants. Serum uric acid levels greater than 10 mg/dL (590 mumol/L) were present in 69% of HRV+ vs 29% of HRV- infants. The Rotazyme test was found to be a valuable tool in diagnosis; testing on two days increased the yield from 74% to 97% of all infants finally diagnosed as HRV+. The optimal time for testing was within the first five days of illness.
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PMID:Rotavirus gastroenteritis. Clinical and laboratory features and use of the Rotazyme test. 381 82

The 97 infant deaths occurring in June 1982-May 1983 in the Kopay Health Unit in northern Sri Lanka were analyzed to increase understanding of regional differences in infant mortality rates. During the study period, the birth rate was 24.5/1000 and the infant mortality rate was 35.4/1000 for the health unit area of Kopay compared with 28.6/1000 and 18.0/1000, respectively, for the district (Jaffna) to which Kopay belongs. Only 35 (36%) of the 97 infant deaths in Kopay were registered; thus, the official infant mortality rate would have been only 12.8/1000. 51 (53%) of the infant death occurred in the neonatal period, predominantly within the first 7 days of life. Of the 46 postneonatal deaths, 21 involved children over 6 months of age. Lower respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis accounted for 47% of infant deaths; low birthweight was responsible for an additional 16%. Malnutrition, measles, and unsatisfactory housing conditions contributed to the deaths from lower respiratory tract infection, while severe dehydration and lack of medical treatment accounted for many of the deaths due to gastroenteritis. Overall, 6 of the 26 deaths due to lower respiratory tract infection and 14 of the 20 deaths due to gastroenteritis are considered to have been preventable through improvements in health education and nursing care. Practitioners of indigenous medicine need training on the management of dehydration in infants, and mothers should be taught the proper use of oral rehydration solution. The study also illustrates the impact of social caste on infant mortality. 49 (50%) of the deaths investigated involved families of laborers, who belong to the lowest social ranks in the Hindu caste system in Sri Lanka.
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PMID:Infant deaths in a health unit area of Northern Sri Lanka. 383 24

Four hundred thirty-four febrile infants two months of age or younger were evaluated in the emergency departments of five major teaching hospitals over a one-year period. A culture-proven bacterial infection was present in 3.5% of the infants; bacteremia was detected in 3.3%. Bacterial meningitis was present in 2.4%, and aseptic meningitis was noted in 13.4%. Twenty-one percent had clinically apparent serious disease including pneumonia, otitis media, and gastroenteritis with dehydration. Six variables (age less than 1 month, lethargy, no contact with an ill individual, breast-feeding, total polymorphonuclear greater than or equal to 10,000/mm3 and band count greater than or equal to 500/mm3) were correlated with bacterial infection by step-wise discriminant analysis. However, these findings were neither sensitive nor specific enough to be clinically useful. Management varied, and 62% of the infants were hospitalized. Fifty-four percent, some of whom were managed as outpatients, received antibiotics. Febrile infants two months of age or younger require a comprehensive emergency department assessment, including appropriate laboratory studies (CBC, differential, urinalysis and culture, lumbar puncture, and blood culture), since 3.5% have bacterial infection that may be life-threatening. Hospitalization is warranted if the infant appears ill, laboratory studies indicate serious infection, or follow-up care is uncertain.
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PMID:Fever in infants less than two months of age: spectrum of disease and predictors of outcome. 384 82

A controlled, randomised trial comparing the results of oral rehydration therapy with those of intravenous fluid treatment in 470 children with severe gastroenteritis was undertaken. The oral rehydration therapy was divided into two phases--a rehydration phase that used high sodium isotonic fluid at 40 ml/kg per hour and a maintenance phase using low sodium isotonic fluid (sodium 40, potassium 30, bicarbonate 25, chloride 45, and dextrose 130 mmol/l). The results indicate that oral rehydration treatment, used according to this protocol, is successful in treating severe diarrhoea and dehydration, and has considerable advantages over intravenous fluid therapy in reducing complications associated with the treatment of hypernatraemia, in promoting rapid correction of hypokalaemia and acidosis, in decreasing the duration of diarrhoea, and in promoting a greater weight gain at hospital discharge.
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PMID:Oral versus intravenous rehydration therapy in severe gastroenteritis. 390 34

Eighteen infants with severe hypernatremic dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis were rehydrated during the 1st day with an oral glucose electrolyte solution containing 60 mmol sodium/L at a mean rate of 120 ml/kg/24 h. These 18 children were safely treated with oral therapy alone. No convulsions were observed during treatment. The mean decrease in natremia was 0.32 mmol/L/h, which compared favorably with the mean fall in natremia of 26 other infants in similar initial conditions who were treated intravenously. The present study lends additional support to the opinion that a slow decrease in plasma sodium (less than 0.5 mmol/L/h) helps to avoid seizures during treatment. As no other untoward effects were observed, this study also confirms that oral solutions given at a slow rate can effectively replace intravenous fluids in the majority of such children.
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PMID:Safe oral rehydration of hypertonic dehydration. 395 50


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