Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The potential antiviral activity of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine was evaluated in a coordinated study at five institutions. Experimental models in five species, the mouse, rabbit, swine, cat, and ferret, were established with use of 10 viruses: Herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2, murine cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, Shope fibroma virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, swine influenza virus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, feline panleukopenia virus, and ferret distemper virus. Criteria for selection were: (1) representation from a number of major groups of viruses, (2) reproduction of natural routes of infection, and (3) simulation of potentially treatable viral infections of man. Antiviral activity was observed for 5-iododeoxyuridine in H. hominis infections in hairless mice and influenza in swine, and a slight degree of efficacy was noted in rabbits infected with Shope fibroma virus. Toxicity was also observed in most of the experimental models. There was a suggestion of antiviral activity with 6-azauridine in swine infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus; however, enhancement of disease and some toxicity were seen in most of the other models. Efficacy of these two compounds was not well substantiated by these studies.
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PMID:Evaluation of 6-azauridine and 5-iododeoxyuridine in the treatment of experimental viral infections. 18 Jan 89

We present two cases of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who, in the course of their disease, suffered multiple intestinal perforations that were directly related to cytomegalovirus infection. Biopsy and surgical specimens and autopsy findings in both cases revealed extensive lesions of gastroenteritis; the gastroenteritis was characterized by randomly distributed deep ulcers, resulting in multiple perforations. The main characteristic histopathologic finding was the association of intestinal lesions with a severe form of cytomegalovirus-related occlusive vasculitis. This report provides evidence that supports the contention that cytomegalovirus is the primary causal agent of gastrointestinal lesions affecting immunocompromised patients.
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PMID:Multiple cytomegalovirus-related intestinal perforations in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Report of two cases and review of the literature. 131 13

The cross-reaction of HHV6 antibody with that to the other herpesviruses was studied in 96 blood donors whose sera were tested for IgG antibody to human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zostervirus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). No correlation was found between IgG antibody to HHV6 and that to any of the other herpesviruses in these individuals. Antibodies to HHV6 and CMV were measured in patients undergoing documented serological responses to HHV6. Eleven cases of primary HHV6 infection associated with roseola infantum in babies, 1 of whom suffered from gastroenteritis as well as pyrexia and rash, are reported. Three cases of HHV6 reactivation, 1 in a 3-year-old child and 2 in adults, 1 of whom simultaneously underwent a primary CMV infection are also reported. Our results suggest that indirect immunofluorescence is a specific way of measuring HHV6 antibody, that HHV6 IgG and IgM can be detected in the absence of antibody to CMV and that HHV6 IgM is present both in primary HHV6 infections and in reactivations.
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PMID:Production of IgM antibody to HHV6 in reactivation and primary infection. 215 5

Two distinct processes contribute to the spectrum of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-induced pathology. In the first instance, cytopathic effects appear to occur as a direct result of virus replication. This type of disease is characterized by persistent HCMV infection of neural or gastrointestinal tissue, which results in HCMV retinitis, encephalitis, hepatitis, or gastroenteritis. Direct cytopathic effects of HCMV are associated with congenitally acquired or acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related manifestations of HCMV infection. A second type of HCMV-associated disease process is driven by immunopathologic mechanisms and results in variable mononucleosis-like syndromes and/or pneumonia in normal or partially immunosuppressed individuals. Human cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia appears to derive from a combination of these two types of disease processes. Here, persistent viral infection, immunopathologic mechanisms, and virus-induced expression or repression of cellular genes each constitutes an important factor in pathogenesis. An understanding of the multiple underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis is crucial to devising optimum treatment approaches.
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PMID:Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus disease. 216 Jan 29

The clinical manifestations of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in persons with AIDS are described, and recent advances in the management of these syndromes with antiviral agents are reviewed. CMV infection is the most common serious opportunistic viral infection in AIDS patients. Clinical manifestations include chorioretinitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, pneumonia, CNS infection, adrenalitis, and a wasting syndrome. The diagnosis of CMV infection requires laboratory demonstration of a serologic response to the virus, detection of viral components or products, or isolation of the virus. Ganciclovir is an acyclic nucleoside analogue marketed for the treatment of CMV-related retinitis in immunocompromised hosts. After i.v. ganciclovir induction therapy, more than 80% of patients show improvement or stabilization of retinitis. Relapse is common in AIDS patients, however, and low-dose i.v. maintenance therapy is recommended. The most serious dose-limiting effect is neutropenia. Intravitreal injection of ganciclovir has been well tolerated and efficacious. Ganciclovir has shown some efficacy in the treatment of other life-threatening CMV infections, especially gastroenteritis, but data are limited. Ganciclovir-resistant strains have been reported. Foscarnet, a pyrophosphate analogue with activity against both human CMV and human immunodeficiency virus, is undergoing clinical trials. Foscarnet has shown promise in the therapy of CMV-related retinitis, but results for other CMV infections are disappointing. Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting effect. AIDS patients with sight-threatening and rapidly progressive CMV-related retinitis should be treated with ganciclovir. Foscarnet may offer an alternative when it becomes available. More must be learned about the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of CMV infection in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 216 89

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) can present as either disseminated disease, pneumonitis, retinitis, gastroenteritis, neuropathy, or a subclinical infection. We report a patient whose initial manifestation of CMV infection was severe central airways obstruction due to necrotizing tracheitis. At bronchoscopy, the lesion appeared deeply ulcerated, distinctly different from previously described airway lesions in patients with AIDS. Mucosal biopsies showed characteristic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions and cultures yielded only CMV. The patient responded partially to ganciclovir, steroids, and antibiotics against suspected anaerobic superinfection but died as a result of central nervous system disease believed due to toxoplasmosis or lymphoma. CMV infection of the upper airway should be considered in the patient with AIDS presenting with atypical cough or stridor and ulcerated endobronchial lesions.
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PMID:Central airway obstruction due to cytomegalovirus-induced necrotizing tracheitis in a patient with AIDS. 217 87

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has several possible roles in the pathogenesis of AIDS. CMV causes a number of clinical syndromes, including retinitis, pneumonitis, and gastroenteritis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In addition, CMV may potentiate the cellular immunodeficiency observed in patients with HIV infection either directly or through enhancement of HIV replication. Finally, CMV may predispose the host to bacterial or fungal infection by compromising the integrity of mucosal barriers to infection. Therapy with ganciclovir for CMV infection may result in a decrease in morbidity related to the virus, but problems with drug toxicity and resistance to the agent mandate the development of additional therapeutic approaches.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus in the setting of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. 164 83

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced interstitial pneumonitis is a well-known lethal complication in bone marrow recipients. CMV is also known to cause gastroenteritis. We report the first case of a bone marrow recipient who developed CMV-induced gastritis which is verified both histologically and virologically. The gastritis preceded the interstitial pneumonitis which was detected in an early stage and was successfully treated. We propose that bone marrow recipients who show signs and symptoms of gastritis undergo an endoscopic examination, and that biopsied specimens should be scrutinized for CMV by both histological examination and culture investigation.
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PMID:Cytomegalovirus-induced gastritis in a bone marrow transplant patient. 217 18

The effects of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastroenteritis on the type of mononuclear cells within the upper gastrointestinal tract were determined. Nineteen liver transplant recipients were studied both before and after transplantation. Each underwent a pan-upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy of the antrum and duodenum before and four weeks following liver transplantation. A panel of monoclonal antibodies prepared against HLA-DR, NK, IL-2R, T11, T4, T8, and B1 cell surface antigens was used to examine the tissues. Before OLTx, none of the 19 subjects studied had clinical or histologic evidence for CMV gastroenteritis. Following OLTx, five of the 19 subjects had CMV gastroenteritis. The number of HLA-DR positive staining lymphocytes present in biopsies obtained post-OLTx was significantly greater (P less than 0.005) than those present in biopsies obtained pre-OLTx regardless of the presence or absence of CMV gastroenteritis. No difference in the intensity of HLA-DR antigen expression between pre- and post-OLTx biopsies and those with and without CMV gastroenteritis was evident. No difference in the number of natural killer (NK) cells and the number of cells expressing the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) was evident between biopsies obtained pre- and post-OLTx. In contrast, the number of T lymphocytes bearing the T11, T4, and T8 markers and the calculated T4/T8 ratio differed between biopsies obtained pre- and post-OLTx and between those positive for CMV gastroenteritis post-OLTx and those without evidence for CMV gastroenteritis either before or after OLTx, although these changes were not consistent throughout the gastrointestinal tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:T-lymphocyte subsets in gut and blood of liver transplant recipients with and without cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis. 255 22

In this report, a bone marrow transplant recipient with rapidly fatal gastroenteritis is presented. The presence of intranuclear inclusions on postmortem light microscopic examination of liver, lung, and small bowel tissue was considered diagnostic of cytomegalovirus infection. However, electron microscopic examination of liver tissue demonstrated adenovirus infection. This was confirmed by isolation of an adenovirus type 2 with unusual laboratory features from liver, lung, colon contents, serum, esophageal swab, and oral ulcerations. Results of a complement fixation test for antibodies to adenovirus performed on postmortem serum samples were negative, and a titer of 1:4 was noted for antibody against cytomegalovirus. This case illustrates the diagnostic pitfalls that may be encountered in establishing a specific viral diagnosis in severely ill patients.
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PMID:Disseminated adenovirus infection in an immunocompromised host. Pitfalls in diagnosis. 282 6


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