Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two Dutch researchers analyzed detailed standardized annual reports from 17 mission hospitals in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia to determine what can be learned from hospital records on the volume of medical services provided as well as on the incidence and seriousness of major diseases and their patterns of change during 1975-90. These hospitals had more than 1.2 million patients (excluding deliveries, neonates, and premature births) and 67,534 deaths. The number of hospital admissions increased considerably (50-77%) in all countries except Ghana. Yet admission rates (per 1000 population/year) rose at a much lower rate (6-25%) in the three countries, suggesting that population growth accounted for a large part of the increase. During 1975-90, in Ghana, the admission rates decreased by 42% and the number of infectious disease admissions fell by 12%. More than 50% of all admissions were for infectious diseases in Kenya and Tanzania compared to 33% for Zambia and 35% for Ghana. Children aged under 15 years were more likely to be admitted for an infection or infection-related disease than adults (75% vs. 31%). The most common infectious disease responsible for admissions and a cause of death was malaria, probably due to a slowly rising resistance in the malaria parasite, resistance to insecticides in the mosquito, and the decreased immunity of the population due to uncontrolled use of antimalarials. In three countries (except Zambia for admissions and Ghana for causes of death), malaria has risen considerably (p 0.001). The case fatality rate for meningitis had also increased significantly during 1975-90 (p 0.001). Other significant causes of admissions and deaths included pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and tuberculosis. In all four countries, immunizable diseases and measles have declined greatly (p 0.001). Case fatality rates (CFRs) were highest for tetanus (36.7-68.8%) and meningitis (14.7-43%) and lowest for malaria (0.6-4.6%). CFRs for malaria, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia were much higher in adults than in children. These type of data are needed for planning and the operation of curative and preventive care.
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PMID:Analysis of hospital records in four African countries, 1975-1990, with emphasis on infectious diseases. 763 17

This section focuses on issues in infectious disease that are commonly encountered in pediatric office practice. Paul McCarthy discusses recent literature regarding the evaluation and management of acute fevers without apparent source on clinical examination in infants and children and the evaluation of children with prolonged fevers of unknown origin. David Bachman reviews recent literature about lower respiratory tract infection in children and focuses on community-acquired lower respiratory infections and respiratory syncytial virus. Eugene Shapiro discusses literature concerning several infectious diseases commonly seen in office settings and concerning which recent developments are of interest: the hemolytic-uremic syndrome and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin, infections in day care centers, and new antimicrobial drugs. Michael Baron reviews recent literature about gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood and discusses diagnosis, complications, pathogenesis and physiology, epidemiology, and treatment.
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PMID:Fever without apparent source on clinical examination, lower respiratory infections in children, bacterial infections, and acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood. 772 95

The National Notification System for Infectious Diseases, in Norwegian abbreviated to MSIS, registered 110 cases of Shigella sonnei-infection in persons with debut of symptoms during weeks 21 to 25, 1994, and where we did not receive information that the patients had been abroad. We evaluated the notification system during this outbreak of infectious disease by looking at delays in the notification process and estimating the proportion of patients who received an etiological diagnosis. It took a median time of seven days from onset of illness until a faecal specimen was obtained and a further ten days (maximum 15 days) until the result was registered in MSIS. The time lapse between receiving the specimen until MSIS had registered the result varied from six to 15 days among the laboratories which sent more than four notifications. In the summarical notification system we registered an increase of 712 cases (86%) of acute gastroenteritis compared with the same week the previous two years.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the National Notification System for infectious diseases during an outbreak of Shigella epidemic in Norway 1994]. 777 Aug 27

A total of 900 consecutive admissions to the Regional Infection Unit at the City Hospital Aberdeen in 1991 have been analysed and the results compared with a similar study during 1980 and 1981. The annual number of admissions increased from 605 to 900, of which 72% in 1991 had proven infections compared with 60% a decade earlier. More patients were admitted with gastroenteritis, tonsillitis and soft tissue infection in 1991 and fewer with non-infectious jaundice. HIV-related conditions contributed 4% of the admissions and 29% of the mortality. Brucellosis disappeared as a reason for requesting hospital admission in North East Scotland.
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PMID:An analysis of 900 consecutive admissions to a regional infection unit. 780 82

Enteric infection still causes the highest global morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. While there have been impressive developments in the early treatment of diarrhea, adequate diagnostic techniques are not yet available. An international collaboration was conducted with the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta on the rapid diagnosis and prevention of diarrheal diseases. Forty to fifty per cent of the 780-bed Infectious Diseases Hospital is occupied by cases of diarrhea. Vibrio cholerae O1 continues to occupy a prominent position, and the prevalence in children up to 2 years is 30.9%. Accordingly, immuno-enzymatic detection of cholera toxin in stool was achieved. Bead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) could successfully detect 40 pg/mL toxin within 4 h, but the detection rate of culture, bead ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was 72.2, 71.1 and 95.9%, respectively, indicating that PCR provides the most sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of cholera directly from the stool of patients. Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) is another virulence factor of gastroenteritis. Various monoclonal antibodies were established against it, and developed a competitive ELISA for the detection of STa producing strains. A DNA probe was also prepared, and genus vibrio was monitored. V. mimicus were found to be the reservoirs of STa among clinical vibrios. Various monoclonal antibodies against STa were also useful for the epitope mapping, providing information on the topology of toxin-host interaction.
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PMID:Cooperative studies on diarrheal diseases. 810 46

From September to December 1991, a large number of free-ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) died from a highly contagious disease in the vicinity of Tokyo. Eighteen seriously ill or dead animals were submitted for necropsy. The pathological findings resembled those in a masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) found infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) in the same area in late August 1991. The most striking features were pneumonia and gastroenteritis. Microscopical lesions consisted of cytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies in various organs and tissues, bronchiolointerstitial pneumonia, non-suppurative demyelinating encephalitis, lymphocytic depletion in various lymphoid tissues and catarrhal or necrotizing gastroenteritis. CDV-specific antigens, demonstrated immunohistochemically in the epithelial tissues, central nervous system and lymphoid tissues, corresponded with the presence of the eosinophilic inclusion bodies in sections of the same lesions stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Ultrastructurally, both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed to be composed of aggregates of viral nucleocapsids. The study provided clear evidence that CDV was the cause of the disease. It is possible that the masked palm civet introduced the infection into the raccoon dog population.
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PMID:Pathology and epidemiology of canine distemper in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). 836 5

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of rotavirus infection in infants under 6 months of age who were admitted to hospital in a developed country for treatment of gastroenteritis. Between April 1980 and April 1990, 595 such infants were admitted to the infectious diseases ward at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Faecal specimens were collected within 6 h of admission and were tested for viral, bacterial and protozoal enteric pathogens. Rotaviruses of several serotypes were found in specimens from 15.1% of the infants, adenoviruses in 12.4% and other pathogens in 10.8%. Rotaviruses were found equally often in infants in each 1 month age group. No pathogens were able to be identified in 61.7% of cases. These results show that rotavirus is an important pathogen in infants under 6 months of age who are admitted to hospital with gastroenteritis. Rotavirus vaccination will need to be given during the first 1-3 months of life in developed countries, as is recommended for developing countries. The large group in whom no pathogens were isolated requires further consideration.
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PMID:Rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants aged 0-6 months in Melbourne, Australia: implications for vaccination. 839 Aug 43

Since the first demonstration in 1971 that solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) could be used for the quantitative determination of antigens and antibodies, this method has been widely applied in serodiagnosis of parasitic and infectious diseases. In addition to the classic ELISA variants using antigen or antibody to coat the plastic plates, there has recently been growing interest in the application of fixed-cell ELISA to research and diagnostic work on viral diseases. The authors discuss the development and applications of this technique to basic research and diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis, a highly contagious disease of swine. The success of this technique, as the name suggests, is largely due to the use of a suitable fixative, which preserves the antigenicity of the neo-synthesised viral proteins, and the presence of optimal conditions for viral antigen synthesis. In addition, various parameters are optimised, and this is discussed with reference to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. These parameters would help veterinarians and research workers to develop this technique in their own laboratories.
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PMID:Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus: the development and applications of the fixed-cell immunoperoxidase technique. 840 Mar 92

This practice parameter formulates recommendations for health care providers about the management of acute diarrhea in children ages 1 month to 5 years. It was developed through a comprehensive search and analysis of the medical literature. Expert consensus opinion was used to enhance or formulate recommentations where data were insufficient. The Provisional Committee on Quality Improvement of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) selected a subcommittee composed of pediatricians with expertise in the fields of gastroenterology, infectious diseases, pediatric practice, and epidemiology to develop the parameter. The subcommittee, the Provisional Committee on Quality Improvement, a review panel of practitioners, and other groups of experts within and outside the AAP reviewed and revised the parameter. Three specific management issues were considered: (1) methods of rehydration, (2) refeeding after rehydration, and (3) the use of antidiarrheal agents. Main outcomes considered were success or failure of rehydration, resolution of diarrhea, and adverse effects from various treatment options. A comprehensive bibliography of literature on gastroenteritis and diarrhea was compiled and reduced to articles amenable to analysis. Oral rehydration therapy was studied in depth; inconsistency in the outcomes measured in the studies interfered with meta-analysis but allowed for formulation of strong conclusions. Oral rehydration was found to be as effective as intravenous therapy in rehydrating children with mild to moderate dehydration and is the therapy of first choice in these patients. Refeeding was supported by enough comparable studies to permit a valid meta-analysis. Early refeeding with milk or food after rehydration does not prolong diarrhea; there is evidence that it may reduce the duration of diarrhea by approximately half a day and is recommended to restore nutritional balance as soon as possible. Data on antidiarrheal agents were not sufficient to demonstrate efficacy; therefore, the routine use of antidiarrheal agents is not recommended, because many of these agents have potentially serious adverse effects in infants and young children. This pracrtice parameter is not indended as a sole source of guidance in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. It is designed to assist pediatricians by providing an analytic framework for the evaluation and treatment of this condition. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or to establish a protocol for all patients with this condition. It rarely will provide the only appropriate approach to the problem. A technical report describing the analyses used to prepare this parameter and a patient education brochure are available through the Publications Department of the AAP.
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PMID:Practice parameter: the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children. American Academy of Pediatrics, Provisional Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Acute Gastroenteritis. 898 55

This section focuses on issues in infectious disease that are commonly encountered in pediatric office practice. Paul McCarthy discusses recent literature regarding the evaluation and management of acute fevers without apparent source on clinical examination in infants and children and the evaluation of children with prolonged fevers of unknown origin. Jean Klig reviews recent literature about lower respiratory tract infection in children. Eugene Shapiro discusses recent developments in the literature concerning several infectious diseases commonly facing practitioners in the office. Michael Baron reviews recent literature about gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood.
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PMID:Fever without apparent source on clinical examination, lower respiratory infections in children, other infectious diseases, and acute gastroenteritis and diarrhea of infancy and early childhood. 868 May 22


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