Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

3715 strains of salmonella have been isolated from various sources from 1976 to 1985. 26 of these isolates have been S. typhi and paratyphi B, 3689 isolates were nontyphoid strains. 7 isolates of S. typhi and S. paratyphi have been isolated from blood cultures. All persons infected with these strains have acquired these organisms in tropical and subtropical areas. In contrast, salmonella gastroenteritis is mainly confined to the intestinal tract. 21 isolates of nontyphoid salmonellae, however, have been isolated from blood cultures. The vast majority of these patients showed compromised host defense mechanisms. Newborn infants up to 3 months are considered particularly vulnerable for bloodstream invasion with nontyphoid salmonellae. Patients with chronic consuming disorders, solid tumors and haematologic malignancies, and the treatment of these ailments with immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids predisposes patients for extraintestinal spread of an enteric salmonella infection. Corticosteroid therapy seems to be particularly responsible for a fulminant course of the disease and poor outcome of the infection.
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PMID:[Septic disease pictures in Salmonella infections]. 310 Apr 23

To evaluate the effectiveness of contraceptive usage, a 2-year (1985-87) review of pregnant women registered in a large group medical practice west of London was carried out. Altogether, 518 pregnancies were reported during the study period, 187 (36%) of which were unplanned. Broken down by age category, the unplanned pregnancy rate was: 15-19 years, 7.5; 20-24 years, 6.5; 25-29 years, 5.4; 30-34 years, 3.5; and 35-44 years, 2.0. The methods of contraception used at the time of the unplanned pregnancies were: no contraception, 61 women; condom, 49 women; combined oral contraceptive, 27 women; progesterone-only oral contraceptive, 14 women; IUD, 12 women; cap, 12 women; rhythm, 6 women; and withdrawal, 6 women. Of the 49 couples who were relying on the condom for fertility control, 16 had not been using this method at the probable time of conception. In the 27 pregnancies due to failure of the combined pill, 16 indicated they had missed some pills and 3 had gastroenteritis at the probable time of conception; similarly, of the 14 pregnancies involving failure of the progesterone pill, 6 women had forgotten pills and 1 had gastroenteritis. The most commonly cited reasons for nonuse of contraception were fear of or actual side effects (obesity, cancer, heart disease). Unplanned pregnancies in women under 25 years of age tended to be the result of not using any form of contraception or of using combined oral contraceptives incorrectly; in women over this age, unplanned pregnancies were most often associated with condom use. These results suggest several steps: 1) physicians should discuss contraception with all teenagers thought to be sexually active; 2) more time should be spent exploring patients' fears of side effects; 3) patients should be counseled about procedures to follow if a pill is missed; and 4) use of both the condom and combined oral contraceptives should be encouraged in younger women.
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PMID:Lessons from an audit of unplanned pregnancies. 314 Sep 75

The in vitro spectrum and potency of norfloxacin against both aerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, its limited activity against anaerobes, and the apparent difficulty organisms have in acquiring resistance to it, have provided a rationale for the clinical development of this oral fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent. The clinical experience with norfloxacin as treatment for a variety of urinary tract infection syndromes, uncomplicated gonococcal infection, and diarrheal disease, and as prophylaxis of infection in neutropenic patients with cancer, is reviewed. Norfloxacin appears at least equivalent to standard regimens for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections; however, long-term studies are needed to define its role in the treatment of recurrent urinary infections. Initial studies of norfloxacin treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal infection and bacterial gastroenteritis are also promising, and in neutropenic patients, continuous norfloxacin prophylaxis has been shown to reduce the incidence of gram-negative infections. Further prospective evaluation is required to confirm these findings.
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PMID:Norfloxacin: its potential in clinical practice. 330 Mar 9

During a 12-month prospective study there were 125 visits to the Harlem Hospital Emergency Room for symptomatic hypoglycemia. Sixty-five patients had obtundation, stupor, or coma; 38 had confusion or bizarre behavior; 10 were dizzy or tremulous; 9 had had seizures; and 3 had suffered sudden hemiparesis. Diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, and sepsis, alone or in combination, accounted for 90% of predisposing conditions; others included fasting, terminal cancer, gastroenteritis, insulin abuse, and myxedema. Average blood glucose levels were lower among comatose than among obtunded patients, but overlap was considerable, and overall there was little correlation among cause, blood glucose levels, and symptoms. Although mortality was 11%, only one death was attributable to hypoglycemia per se, and only four survivors had focal neurological residua.
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PMID:Hypoglycemia: causes, neurological manifestations, and outcome. 400 66

Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated from the stools of two patients with gastrointestinal malignancies and from one "healthy" patient with diarrhea. No other enteric pathogens were isolated. One patient was neutropenic after antineoplastic chemotherapy. The two cancer patients had crampy abdominal pain and severe diarrhea and required antibiotic therapy for resolution of symptoms. The third patient responded to symptomatic treatment. Patients with gastrointestinal malignancies may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis caused by P. shigelloides than normal individuals, and these infections may be more severe than those seen in normal individuals.
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PMID:Diarrhea due to Plesiomonas shigelloides in cancer patients. 649 Aug 44

Seventy-two patients with neoplastic disease in a variety of anatomic sites were treated with sequential methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) followed by leucovorin (LV) rescue. Treatment consisted of MTX, 160 mg/m2 as a 10-min infusion; 5-FU, 600 mg/m2 as a bolus 90 min later; and LV, a minimum of 25 mg/m2 or 15 mg/m2 p.o. q.6h. X 4, repeated at 1- or 2-wk intervals. Responses of any type included 4 of 24 colon cancers, 3 of 12 stomach cancers, 0 of 6 pancreas cancers, 1 of 2 gallbladder cancers, 4 of 6 breast cancers, 1 of 1 uterus cancer, 2 of 2 selected lung cancers, 1 of 1 parotid cancer, 1 of 2 sarcomas, and 0 of 6 ovary cancers. Response appeared to increase survival. The best-quality responses were observed in patients with stomach, breast, and parotid tumors. Toxicities included anemia requiring transfusion (20%), anorexia during treatment with LV (16%), moderate thrombocytopenia (12%), grade 3 stomatitis (12%), moderate granulocytopenia (10%), severe conjunctivitis (6%), severe gastroenteritis (6%), vomiting (6%), anamnestic reactions (6%), possible renal failure (4%), and possible pulmonary failure (2%). One patient had life-threatening gastroenteritis and reappearance of a grade 1 to 2 skin reaction of the entire treatment field more than 5 yr after radiotherapy. Patients with prior cis-platin therapy had a 50% risk of life-threatening pancytopenia. The results encourage controlled primary trials testing intensification of the sequential combinations with parallel investigations of MTX alone with and without diminished doses of LV.
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PMID:MTX/5-FU trials in gastrointestinal and other cancers. 660 24

The state of child health in Singapore from 1914 to the present is discussed. In 1914 there were 225 reported cases of tetanus neonatorum out of 7420 births and 340 deaths from gastroenteritis with an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 292.9/1000 live births. In 1936 the IMR was 167.74 and in 1962 it was still high at 31.2. Causes of death included tetanus neonatorum, gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, and poliomyelitis. Diphtheria immunization had lowered the rate of mortality from this disease. The 1st priority in improving infant health after 1962 was lowering the IMR, especially by treating the newborn. The 2nd priority was infections. Oral Sabin was introduced against polio and programs for tetanus, whooping cough, and measles vaccinations were begun as well; compulsory diphtheria innoculation began in 1963. Malnutrition was identified as a cause in high childhood morbidity and mortality, relating to a decrease in breastfeeding to only 29% with only about 4% continuing after 3 months; this also caused diarrhea and gastroenteritis. A Breast Feeding Mothers Group was established to help mothers and to support a breast milk bank. In addition the birthrate was very high, 2.8% with very young and elderly mothers giving birth in large numbers and constituting poor obstetric risks. In 1966 the government established a national family planning program. This program, together with nutrition education, improved housing and promotion of breastfeeding has raised the nutrition level. By 1976 the IMR had fallen to 11.8 and the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) was 8.4, both of which were lower than rates in the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1981 the IMR fell to 10.8 and the NMR to 7.7. Although deaths from infections and diseases have dropped, those from congenital anomalies and malignancies such as leukemia have not changed. Health education has had an effect on lowering mortality rates from accidents. Rates of death from dengue hemorrhagic fever have been lowered but not abolished by mosquito surveillance, as is the case with other viral infections such as measles. With bacterial infections the latest problem is the existence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Further efforts must emphasize health rather than the reduction of mortality and mental and emotional morbidity must receive more attention as well.
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PMID:Child health in Singapore--past, present and future. 713 9

Several examples of the use of vital statistics in drug epidemiology are described. The death rates for asthma remained stable from about 1860-1960 in the UK, about 0.5/100,000. In 1961 the rates began to rise, and after 1967 they declined; in the 1970s the rates almost approached pre-epidemic levels. The rates were found to vary with the use of isoproterenol-containing nebulizers. Investigations into the relationship between thromboembolism pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction and oral contraceptive (OC) usage showed an increase in death rates beginning after the introduction of OCs in 1960-61 in women at risk. Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy was an unexplained disease until Japanese investigators linked its occurrence to ingestion of the halogenated hydroxyquinoline drugs used to treat nonspecific gastroenteritis; seasonal outbreaks of the disease were linked to seasonal gastroenteritis. Animal experiments conclusively linked the drug to the disease. A Swedish report implicated the antihypertensive drug methyldopa as a possible cause of cancer of the biliary ducts. Links between thalidomide and phocomelia, saccharin or cyclamates and bladder cancer, diethylstilbestrol and vaginal cancer, and estrogens and endometrial cancer are discussed. Drug-monitoring systems, the collection of vital statistics and observations by clinicians all contribute to understanding drug-induced disease. Changes in disease incidence or emergency of new syndromes in areas where certain drugs are heavily used should be compared to areas where they are seldom used.
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PMID:The use of vital and morbidity statistics for the detection of adverse drug reactions and for monitoring of drug safety. 716 6

The paper discusses the incidence of spontaneous tumors and general morbidity in albino noninbred rats raised at the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health and used in different chronic experiments. It was found that spontaneous tumors occur, on the average, in 25.7 and malignancies--in 6.2%. Infectious hemorrhagic pneumonia and gastroenteritis (acute capillary toxicosis) are relatively infrequent. The general morbidity patterns in these rats are similar to those in Wistar line, the essential difference being a lower frequency of tumors of the medullar layer of adrenals. Hence, the rats bred at the Institute may be successfully used in various chronic experiments, including those associated with carcinogenic studies.
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PMID:[Oncologic properties of non-inbred white rats raised at the Petrov Research Institute of the Ministry of Health of the USSR]. 717 49

We report the clinical characteristics of three adult patients with a chronic gastroenteritis (more than 10 days duration) due to Plesiomonas shigelloides. The three patients presented previously an underlying disease; a chronic liver disease (alcoholic and viral) and a cancer disease. Although the immunosuppressed condition of the patients, the diarrhea was moderate with 6-12 movements/day; the feces were liquid with mucose and blood. No one patient presented fever but all of them had important abdominal pain. Two patients were treated with cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin because of their underlying disease. We review the clinical characteristics of chronic diarrhea caused by P. shigelloides in adult patients, and the possibility that this microorganism would be considered a true enteropathogen.
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PMID:[Chronic gastroenteritis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in adult patients. Report of 3 cases]. 815 8


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