Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016632 (Fox)
 1,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have characterised the expression of four genes coding for Forkhead box-containing ('Fox') transcription factors identified from the hydrozoan (Leptomedusa) Clytia hemisphaerica. Phylogenetic analyses including all available non-bilaterian Fox sequences placed these genes in subfamilies B, Q2 (two genes) and O, and indicated that at least 17 Fox subfamilies were present in the common cnidarian/bilaterian ancestor, with multiple subsequent losses in cnidarian lineages. Chordate FoxB and FoxQ2A subfamily genes show polarised expression in early embryos. Correspondingly, Clytia CheFoxB expression was localised around the gastrulation site (future oral pole) at blastula and gastrula stages, with CheFoxQ2a expressed in a complementary aboral domain, maintained through larval development. Distinct later expression domains were observed for CheFoxB in the larval endoderm region, and in the statocyst, gonad and tentacle bulb of the medusa. A second Clytia FoxQ2 gene, CheFoxQ2b, not expressed in the embryo, larva or polyp, was detected uniquely in the gonads of the medusa. In contrast, CheFoxO, whose sequence indicates regulation by the PI3-Kinase/PKB signalling pathway consistent with known roles in bilaterian developmental regulation, was detected throughout the Clytia life cycle. CheFoxO expression was enhanced in regions associated with growth control including larval poles, gonad and the margin of the medusa bell. These results support the idea that an early embryonic patterning system involving FoxB and FoxQ2 family genes has been evolutionary conserved and indicate that Fox family genes have also acquired distinct roles during other phases of the hydrozoan life cycle.
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PMID:Polarised expression of FoxB and FoxQ2 genes during development of the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica. 1702 66

Implementation of real-time neural network inversion on the SRC-6e, a computer that uses multiple field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as reconfigurable computing elements, is examined using a sonar application as a specific case study. A feedforward multilayer perceptron neural network is used to estimate the performance of the sonar system (Jung et al., 2001). A particle swarm algorithm uses the trained network to perform a search for the control parameters required to optimize the output performance of the sonar system in the presence of imposed environmental constraints (Fox et al., 2002). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) requires repetitive queries of the neural network. Alternatives for implementing neural networks and particle swarm algorithms in reconfigurable hardware are contrasted. The final implementation provides nearly two orders of magnitude of speed increase over a state-of-the-art personal computer (PC), providing a real-time solution.
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PMID:Real-time neural network inversion on the SRC-6e reconfigurable computer. 1752 53

In the current study, we have examined the efficacy of a Src/Abl kinase inhibitor SKI-606 (Bosutinib) for its effect on prostate cancer growth and skeletal metastasis. Treatment of highly invasive human prostate cancer cells PC-3 and DU-145 with different doses of SKI-606 decreased Src activation, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as determined by Matrigel Boyden chamber invasion assay. For in vivo studies, PC-3 cells were inoculated through s.c. or i.t. route into male BALB/c nu/nu or Fox Chase severe combined immunodeficient mice, respectively. Experimental animals treated with SKI-606 developed tumors of a significantly smaller volume and a significant decrease (50%) in experimental skeletal lesion area. A marked increase (32%) in bone volume to tumor volume ratio was also seen by micro-computed tomography analysis of tibias from control and experimental groups of animals. Western blot analysis showed the ability of SKI-606 to significantly decrease the phosphorylation of signaling molecules (AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase, focal adhesion kinase) and the expression of tumor progression-associated genes uPAR, MMP-2, MMP-9, N-cadherin, fibronectin, BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2), BMP-6 (bone morphogenetic protein 6), IL-8 (interleukin 8), and TGF-beta (transforming growth factor beta) in prostate cancer cells. SKI-606 is currently in clinical trials for breast cancer and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Results from these studies provide convincing evidence for evaluating its efficacy in prostate cancer patients.
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PMID:SKI-606 (Bosutinib) blocks prostate cancer invasion, growth, and metastasis in vitro and in vivo through regulation of genes involved in cancer growth and skeletal metastasis. 2042 91

Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a multidomain protein that plays important roles in the growth, invasion, and metastasis of a number of cancers. In the present study, we examined the effects of administration of a monoclonal anti-uPAR antibody (ATN-658) on prostate cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. We examined the effect of treatment of ATN-658 on human prostate cancer cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and regulation of intracellular signaling pathways. For in vivo studies, PC-3 cells (1 x 10(6)) were inoculated into the right flank of male Balb C nu/nu mice through subcutaneous or through intratibial route (2 x 10(5)) of male Fox Chase severe combined immunodeficient mice to monitor the effect on tumor growth and skeletal metastasis. Treatment with ATN-658 resulted in a significant dose-dependent decrease in PC-3 cell invasion and migration without affecting cell doubling time. Western blot analysis showed that ATN-658 treatment decreased the phosphorylation of serine/threonine protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) without affecting AKT, MAPK, and FAK total protein expression. In in vivo studies, ATN-658 caused a significant decrease in tumor volume and a marked reduction in skeletal lesions as determined by Faxitron x-ray and micro-computed tomography. Immunohistochemical analysis of subcutaneous and tibial tumors showed a marked decrease in the levels of expression of pAKT, pMAPK, and pFAK, consistent with the in vitro observations. Results from these studies provide compelling evidence for the continued development of ATN-658 as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate and other cancers expressing uPAR.
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PMID:An anti-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antibody (ATN-658) blocks prostate cancer invasion, migration, growth, and experimental skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo. 2092 16

Anthropogenic sources of arsenic poses and creates unintentional toxico-pathological concerns to humans in many parts of the world. The understanding of toxicity of this metalloid, which shares properties of both metal and non-metal is principally structured on speciation types and holy grail of toxicity prevention. Visible symptoms of arsenic toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. In this review, we focused on the dermal cell stress caused by trivalent arsenic trioxide and pentavalent arsanilic acid. Deciphering the molecular events involved during arsenic toxicity and signaling cascade interaction is key in arsenicosis prevention. FoxO1 and FoxO2 transcription factors, members of the Forkhead/Fox family, play important roles in this aspect. Like Foxo family proteins, ATM/CHK signaling junction also plays important role in DNA nuclear factor guided cellular development. This review will summarize and discuss current knowledge about the interplay of these pathways in arsenic induced dermal pathogenesis.
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PMID:Deciphering the molecular events during arsenic induced transcription signal cascade activation in cellular milieu. 2914 54

Development and cancer share a variety of functional traits such as EMT, cell migration, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. In addition, many cellular signaling pathways are noted to coordinate developmental processes and facilitate aspects of tumor progression. The Forkhead box superfamily of transcription factors consists of a highly conserved DNA binding domain, which binds to specific DNA sequences and play significant roles during adult tissue homoeostasis and embryogenesis including development, differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Interestingly, various studies have implicated the role of key Fox family members such as FOXP, FOXO, and FOXA during cancer initiation and metastases. FOXI3, a member of the Forkhead family affects embryogenesis, development, and bone remodeling; however, no studies have reported a role in cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of FOXI3 in embryogenesis and bone development and discuss its potential involvement in cancer progression with a focus on the bone metastasis. Moreover, we hypothesize possible mechanisms underlying the role of FOXI3 in the development of solid tumor bone metastasis.
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PMID:A Review of FOXI3 Regulation of Development and Possible Roles in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. 3001 53