Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0016632 (Fox)
 1,461 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The epidemiology of rabies in Central Europe with particular reference to Austria is described. Fox represents the vector of the infection while other animals are involved in the epidemiological picture only incidentally. Oral immunization of foxes has been successfully achieved.
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PMID:[Rabies in Austria 1966-1986]. 326 77

During a period of 1969-1979 a total of 3174 small wild rodents of the genus Muridae and Microtinae (predominantly Microtus arvalis) were examined. The animals were trapped in five localities differing both in type of ecological conditions and epizootologic situation. Fox-rabies occurred here either enzootically, or epizootologically, or had been completely absent for many years in one of the localities investigated. Of the 71 isolated strains of RV 18 strains were isolated from brain, 25 from brown fat and 28 from salivary glands. Simultaneous isolation positivity in more than one tissue was sporadic. Virus isolations from deep-frozen material were mostly unsuccessful. Basic biological characteristics were determined in each isolate. The isolated strains differed in the rate of adaptation on albino mice and in intracerebral virulence. All isolates exhibited extraneural pathogenicity for common laboratory animals, dogs and foxes, showed distinct viscerotropism, stimulated formation of interferon and produced various forms of non-lethal infection. Incidence of "murine" rabies did not show any locality-specific differences and in longitudinally studied areas was enzootic. In a number of Czech districts there was observed a distinct relationship between fox-rabies incidence and the density of small game animal populations. Role of small wild rodents in the epizootology and epidemiology of rabies is discussed.
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PMID:Small wild rodents rabies in Czechoslovakia. 674 77

Experiments in mice weighing 6-7 g showed that a population of wild street rabies virus strains could contain from 1 to 3 biologic variants determining the clinical characteristics, duration of the incubation period and of the disease, and virus titres in the brain. Fox strains L-1 and L-2 produced only paralytic rabies, the BE strain isolated from a badger induced paralytic and chronic disease, and the population of the Yak strain isolated from a boy bitten by a fox and timely given a complete course of postexposure treatment contained 3 biologic variants: (1) VAR produced acute paralytic rabies throughout 59 passages, (2) VVR induced a disease of the type of "violent" rabies throughout 20 passages, and (3) VCR provoked chronic rabies in 27 passages.
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PMID:[Biological variants of a population of strains of the rabies street virus]. 715 81

Fox population reduction was the first measure undertaken to control rabies in foxes, but this proved unsuccessful. The promising results of oral immunisation of foxes against rabies in some European countries encouraged the authorization of the first rabies vaccination of foxes in the field in Slovenia, in October 1988. In the present study, intervention analysis is used to evaluate the results of this vaccination campaign. The analysis took into account the cyclic nature of fox rabies and the possible effects of variability in the fox carcass submission rate. The results confirmed the decrease in fox rabies after the launch of the vaccination campaign. The reduction was independent of both cyclic oscillations in fox rabies and variability in carcass submission rate, thus indicating a positive net effect of the vaccination.
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PMID:Efficacy of the first oral vaccination against fox rabies in Slovenia. 794 51

In humans, rabies still is a fatally evolving encephalomyelitis caused by a Rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus. In general, the disease is contracted through a contact with an infected mammal. Taxonomically, different rabies and closely related rabies-like viruses can be distinguished. New molecular identification techniques can be utilized as epidemiological tools to study the geographic distribution and presence in different reservoirs of the viruses. Antigenic diversity and new insights in the mechanisms of the immune response can have serious implication in vaccine strategies. Virus detection for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes can be done by immunofluorescency, by inoculating murine neuroblastoma cells and by using molecular techniques. Rabies is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. In Belgium, the epizootic is present in the Southern part of the country. Fox vaccination campaigns contributed significantly to the eradication of the virus from its natural reservoir. The importance of the prophylactic and therapeutic use of the vaccine, the control of wildlife animal reservoir and stringent public health measures to combat rabies is discussed. Due to stringent control measures, no endogenous case of human rabies have been reported since 1922 in Belgium.
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PMID:Rabies prophylaxis. 895 Aug 40

The author presents an evaluation of the cost of wildlife rabies in France. This study included the vaccination of domestic animals, the reinforcement of epidemiological surveillance networks and the support provided to diagnostic laboratories, the expenses associated with outbreaks of rabies (animal losses and associated economic losses), the clinical observation of those animals which had bitten humans and the preventive vaccination and post-exposure treatment of humans. A substantial percentage (72%) of this cost was the preventive vaccination of domestic animals. In France, as in other European countries in which the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the species most affected, to main strategies for controlling the disease at the reservoir level were evaluated, namely: fox depopulation and the oral vaccination of foxes. The combined costs and benefits of rabies and of both strategies were compared and included either the cost of fox culling or the cost of oral vaccination (baits, bait delivery and follow-up to ensure the efficiency of the vaccination). The cumulative annual costs of both strategies remained comparable until the fourth year, after which the oral vaccination strategy became beneficial. This forecast was made in 1988, readjusted in 1993 and confirmed by ex post analysis five years later. The expected benefits of oral vaccination have now been obtained. Fox depopulation has only ever resulted in a transient lull in the occurrence of the disease, while oral vaccination has proved to be capable of eliminating rabies even in situations in which fox populations were increasing.
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PMID:Costs and benefits of rabies control in wildlife in France. 1047 84

The immunogenic properties of an E1-deleted, human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vaccine virus with activity against rabies were examined in mice, foxes and dogs using different routes of administration. NMRI mice received 10(5.8), 10(5.3), 10(4.3), 10(3.3) and 10(2.3) TCID(50) by peroral or intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Furthermore, six mice received 10(5.8) TCID(50) intracerebrally (i.c.). The construct elicited marked seroconversion in mice after oral administration. Immunoreactivity in mice was even more pronounced i.m. and i.c. After direct oral administration (10(8.0) TCID(50)) in foxes, six of eight animals developed rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA). All foxes immunized by direct injection (10(7.7) TCID(50)) in the membrane of the jejunum were shown to seroconvert. Pre-existing immunity against canine adenovirus did not hinder the development of rabies VNA after oral application of the construct (10(8.0) TCID(50)). Fox cubs (24-29 days old) born from rabies-immune vixens were shown to develop very high levels of rabies VNA after i.m. administration (10(8.0) TCID(50)), indicating that the immunogenicity of the construct could surpass maternally transferred immunity. In dogs, the construct (10(8.0) TCID(50)) induced a very strong immune response after i.m. administration. However, no immune response was detectable in dogs after direct oral administration (10(8.3) TCID(50)) or after endoscopic deposition in the smaller intestine (10(8.0) TCID(50)). Hence, it must be concluded that the construct is not suitable for oral vaccination of dogs against rabies.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of an E1-deleted recombinant human adenovirus against rabies by different routes of administration. 1151 29

The immune response in the fox (Vulpes vulpes), despite the success of the oral rabies vaccine is not well characterised, and specific immunological tools are needed. A quantitative RT-PCR using SyBR Green to investigate fox cytokine expression after antigen PBMC in vitro re-stimulation is presented here. First, we cloned by homology with dog cytokine sequences the fox IL2, IL6, IL10, IFNgamma and a partial 18S sequence. Fox specific primers were then defined and used to set up a species-specific quantitative RT-PCR assay using SyBR Green and 18S housekeeping gene as internal standard. The technique was validated using total RNA from fox PBMC stimulated with a polyclonal activator, Concanavaline A.
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PMID:Cloning of fox (Vulpes vulpes) Il2, Il6, Il10 and IFNgamma and analysis of their expression by quantitative RT-PCR in fox PBMC after in vitro stimulation by Concanavalin A. 1632 47

Fox rabies was first recorded in France in March 1968, and remained a problem until 1998. In the course of the first two decades and despite the control measures applied, rabies expanded both in terms of the enzootic surface area and number of cases. The measures applied consisted of actions aimed at reducing fox population density, the mandatory vaccination of domestic carnivores in the officially infected areas, and use of human prophylaxis. Following the large scale implementation of oral vaccination of foxes, starting 1989-1990, the rabies front was pushed back and yearly incidence decreased until rabies was eliminated at the end of 1998. The comparison of results obtained during both periods of applying various strategies is spectacular. France remains exposed to the risk from bat rabies on one hand, and from accidental cases of canine rabies imported from enzootic countries, on the other.
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PMID:Fox rabies in France. 1637 88

Historically, rabies in Mongolia has been connected to the specific steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, known as the Mongolian steppes. The main reservoirs of the rabies virus (RABV) are the wolf, red fox and corsac fox. Fox rabies has been reported in Mongolia since the early 1960s. Eleven human rabies cases (0.4 per million inhabitants) were reported in Mongolia from 1994-2004. Wild animals predominated as a source of human infection: five people died following wolf bites, two were exposed to foxes, and four to dogs. From 1996-2004, 1,273 rabid animals were reported (about 140 per year). Cattle consisted of more than 80% of all reported cases. The Mongolian steppes continue into the Chita region of Russia and the Republics of Buryatia, Tyva and Altai. Four RABV isolates from the western part of Mongolia were sequenced and compared with available isolates from Russia, China and other countries. The isolates from Mongolia belonged to the "steppe" phylogenetic clade, which includes viruses circulating in vast territories, from Southeast Europe to Tyva, West Siberia and Kazakhstan. However, RABV isolates from Mongolian-type steppes in the east (Chita region, Russia) belong to the eastern group of arctic-like viruses.
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PMID:Rabies in the Mongolian steppes. 1863 80


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